Airthir (Airtheara) - was centered in Co. Armagh, about the eastern baronies of Orior. In earlier times the term Airthir (literally meaing 'east') may have included most of co. Armagh. The early genealogies cite Fiachra Cassán, son Colla Fochríth, as progenitor of some of the early people of the territory of Airthir in Ard Macha (Armagh). The Ua'h-Anluain sept were rulers of the southern part of Ulster some 1,000 years ago.

In the time of Ptolemy, GALWAY region was inhabited by the Auteri, who spread themselves also into the adjoining counties of Mayo and Roscommon. At a later, though still very remote date, it was thus parceled out among tribes or families; Clanconow, or Clonmacnoon, among the Burkes; Clanfirgail, among the O'Hallorans; Hymaine, among the O'Dalys and O'Kellys; Maghullen, now Moycullen, among the O'Flahertys; Silnamchia, now Longford; and Hy Fiacra Aidne, afterwards Clanricarde, possessed by the Burkes, Burghs, or De Bourgos. Other septs in the west included the O'Malleys, and in the east the O'Naghtens, O'Fallons and O'Mullalys, and in Hy Fiacra Aidne the O'Heynes, O'Maddens and O'Shaughnessys, and bordering Lough Corrib the O'Hallorans.

Sogaine - of modern counties Galway and Mayo, centered about the barony of Tiaquin. O'Mainnin, O'Mannin, O'Mannion, or O'Manning, were cited as chiefs of Sodhan (Sogain). The other chiefs given by O'Dugan on the "Six Sodhans" were Mac-an-Bhaird (MacWard or Ward); O'Sgurra (Scurry); O'Lennain (Lennon); O'Casain (Cashin); O'Gialla or O'Giallain (rendered Gilly, and Geallan); and O'Maigin or Magin (MacGing or Ging).

According to the "Book of Lecan" the Sogain were descended from Sodain (Soghan Sal-bhuidhe), the son of Fiachra Araidh, King of Ulster about 240 AD. It would appear that they came to Galway about the 3rd century as they were well established there by St. Patrick's time. They occupied an area which, according to the Book of Uí Máine, stretched from the river Clare in the west to the river Suck in the east and from the river Shivern in the north to the Raford river in the south. This area was known as Mag Sencheineoil, or the plain of the old inhabitants. Onomasticon Goedelicum cites that the Uí Echach Coba, Uí Meith Macha and Conaille Murthemne are of the same stock as Sogain. They were members of Clann Conaill Cernaich, i.e. Dál n-Araide & Úi Echach Ulad & Conaille Murthemni & Laígsi Laigen & na secht Sogain.

Among the Uí Máine dwelt the Sogain, a Cruithin (Pict) tribe, and the Dal naDruithne believed to be Tuatha De Danann Celts. According to Tribes and Customs of Hy Maine (ed. O'Donovan), Ó Mannáin, chief of the 6 Sogain, had his chief seate at Menlach O Mainnin near Castle Blakeney, the six Sogain noted as Cenél Fergna, Cenél nDomangein, Cenél Luchta, Cenél Rechta, Cenél Tréna, and Cenél Deigeille. Ballydugan and Muine Casáin (the seate of Mac Ward) are included within the territory of the Sogain. The Book of Uí Máine also states that the Sogain comprised six kindred branches: Cineál Reachta, Tréana, Cineál Luchta, Cineál Fergna, Cineál Domangéin and Cineál Deigeille.

• U803, A skirmish between the Sogain and the sept of Maenmag, in which many were slain.
• For 811/16, Irgalach, son of Maele h-Umhai, king of Corco Sogain, died.
• CS1052, Echtigern ua Egráin of the Sogain of Uí Maine, successor of Ciarán of Cluain moccu Nóis and of Comán, died on pilgrimage in Cluain Iraird.
• For 1131, Ó Mannáin, King of Sogain, fell in the battle of Maengach.
• For 1159, Ro innrustair Muircertach Uí Briúin, & ro oircc Muintir Géradhain. Do-rad dna Tír m-Beccon, & Tír Fhiachach, & Cailli Follamhain, & Sodain.
• C1224, A heavy and terrible shower fell in part of Connacht this year, that is, in Tir Maine and in Sodain and in Uí Diarmata and in Clann Taidc, which brought about disease and very great sickness among the cows and beasts of those regions after they had eaten grass and leaves; and when men drank of the milk of these cattle and ate of their flesh, they suffered internal pains and various diseases.
• For 1352, the O'Kellys of Uí Máine hanged the Sogain chieftain, known as Ó Mannáin (O'Mannion) and occupied his castle at Clogher (Killaclogher in the parish of Killascobe).
• For 1377, Rory O'Conor defeated Mac William Burke, and Melaghlin O'Kelly, Lord of Hy-Many, at Roscommon, where O'Mainnin, Chief of Sodan, among others, were slain.

The Dál nDruithne are described in the Book of Uí Maine as a branch of the Catraighe (an ancient tribal group) who were centered by the river Suca (Suck) in Hy Maine. It is also referred to as Druithnia, a quo Dál nDruithni in Connacht. The Book of Lecan describes Dál nDruithne as a sub-division of Uí Maine; in Maenmagh in Connacht, and that they are descended from Duach, son of Daimin (in the line of the three Collas). The Book of Uí Maine describes some of the early tribes of the Catraige Suca (on both sides of the river Suck) as the Corcho Moncho, Dál nDruithne, Fir Muighe Seincineoil, and Muinnter Tuaighe Milchon. O'Hart cites O'Docomlain, chiefs of Eidhnigh; and O'Gabhrain or O'Gauran, chiefs of Dal Druithne, districts about Loughrea.