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GREAT CROSBY Crosebi in Domesday Book was a township to the north of Great Cosby extending along the coast, a wide belt of sandhills with rabbit warens and low-lying inroads to the sea. The manor of Little Crosby was in 1066 part of the holding of Uctred and rated as half a hide. One branch of the Demand family appears to have taken the surname of Fox, and John son of Richard Fox of Orrell occurs; Richard Fox son of William the Demand quitclaimed to Richard de Molyneux of Little Crosby his interest in lands purchased from Margery de Orrell; Blundell of Crosby. Foxe is found in Cornwall, to a Hugo le Fox in 1297. Another Reynard the Fox dates 1175 to 1250.
HAM COURT was built on the town's western edge by Aymer de Valence c. 1315, in which yeare he received a licence to crenellate. Despite its size, the castle seems to have been used only as an occasional residence. Ham Court was let from the later 17th century to resident farmers.
HARMONDSWORTH parish is almost entirely flat and lies just over 75 ft. above sea level. The soil along the rivers and in the west is alluvium; Taplow Gravel covers the area south of the Bath Road, and continues northward in a very narrow strip alongside the alluvium; the remainder is brickearth. West of Harmondsworth village the ditch joins the Wyrardisbury River, formerly also known as Hawthorn's River, and the Pyle or Poyle Mill Stream, which also left the Colne at West Drayton. The Domesday Survey mentions 44 people on the monastic estate in Harmondsworth, and two villeins on a further hide, which belonged to Colham manor.
HAUGHTON The principal road from Manchester to Hyde crossing the northern end of HAUGHTON township, an extention of Denton and at the southern end, the hamlet Haughton Green and Glasshouse.
HAVERTHWAITE, FINSTHWAITE and RUSLAND, three villages, distant from five to eight miles N. by W. of Cartmel, form a township, in which are also part of the village of Backbarrow, and several small hamlets and dispersed dwellings. There are three chapels of ease in this township, one at Haverthwaite, one at Finsthwaite, and one at Rusland. The former, which is dedicated to St. Anne, was erected in 1828, and its net income is about £60 a year. Rusland Chapel, dedicated to St. Paul, is a plain edifice, erected in 1756, on a rocky eminence near the school. Finsthwaite Chapel, dedicated to St. Peter.
HYDE The situation of Hyde Hall is on a mound a quarter mile from the north bank of the River Tame. During the 17th century, two shields there had disappeared; the coat of REDDISH and a shield of KENDALL of seven quarterings both from Denton.
INGLEWOOD FOREST, COKERMOUTH and PENRITH PARISHES Both Inglewood forest and Penrith subsequently fell to the crown, on the accession of Richard III, and were demised by James I. By Inglewood Forest, COKERMOUTH and PENRITH PARISHES by the lake, the ancient borough of Cockermouth occupies a beautiful and advantageous situation in the heart of a most picturesque and highly-cultivated country, on the south side of the river Derwent, and at the mouth of the Cocker. Giants' caves - About three miles E. by S. of Penrith, on the north side of the river Eamont, are two singular excavations in a perpendicular rock, called Giants' Caves, or Isis Parlis.
IREBY A parish in the ward of Allerdale-below-Derwent, in the county of Cumberland, not far from IREBY. In Cumberland, Ireby is about the same distance southeast of Aspatria near the Roman Arbea, containing townships of High and Low ireby and the hamlet of Ruthwaite and Langlands. The Ellen river rises to the neighboring lake of Overwter. The church is dedicated to St. James.
LANCASTER the county was established in 1183. In the Domesday Book, its lands had been treated as part of Cheshire (whose northern boundary had been the River Ribble) and of Yorkshire. It bordered on Cumberland, , Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire . It is traditionally divided into the six hundreds of Amounderness, Blackburn, Leyland, Lonsdale, Salford and West Derby. Rather than being divided into hundreds, Westmorland was subdivided into two baronies of Westmorland (or sometimes Appleby) and Kendal. Cumberland county was administratively divided into five wards, rather than the hundreds found in most English counties: Allerdale above Derwent Allerdale below Derwent Cumberland Eskdale Leath. The traditional county town in Cumberland is Carlisle and much of the Lake District is geographically located in Cumberland. The Lancaster ceremonial county currently borders on Cumbria, North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, and the metropolitan counties of Greater Manchester, and Merseyside; and contains the unitary authorities of Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen.
LEVENSHULME In 1319 the manor of Levenshulme in Withington was in the possession of Sir William de Baguley of Cheshire who passed to his grandson William Legh of Baguley held until the seventeeth century.
LITHERLAND Before the Conquest Aughton contained two manors—Aughton in the south and Litherland in the north. Uctred, in 1066, held Achetun, and Uctred, perhaps the same person, held Litherland. The ancient township, from which Seaforth has now been carved out, contains 1,205 acres. It was formerly called Down Litherland to distinguish it from the hamlet of Up-Litherland in Aughton. The roads from Liverpool to Southport, and to Sefton and Ormskirk, were the principal ones, but the township has become a residential district with numerous roads and streets.
LONGFORD, the only medieval settlement to grow up along the Bath Road, was in existence by 1337. By 1337 the manor of Harmondsworth had 16 tenants in Ruislip. The house, built in the 16th century and later much altered, was demolished in the 1950s. In Harmondsworth village the Five Bells, 17th-century but refaced with brick, looks eastward down the main street from the green. At Longford the 'White Horse', dating from the 17th century, is much restored.
LYSE was founded by Bishop Siward, of the ancient see of Bergen, after he visited the monks at Fountains. A group of monks arrived in 1146 and they settled on a farm in Bergen. The full name of the abbey was ‘Holy Maria Monastery in Lyse’ and was one of five Cistercian monasteries to be founded in Norway.
MANCHESTER ST. MARYS The endowment of St. Mary's Church at Manchester is recorded in Domesday Book. The original endowment was the plough-land in Newton referred to above; to this Albert Grelley the elder added four oxgangs from his demesne, supposed to be the land afterwards called Kirkmanshulme, which, though detached, was considered part of the township of Newton; the church had also some land between Deansgate and the Irwell, known as the Parsonage land. The Commonwealth Surveyors in 1650 found the warden and fellows in nominal possession of lands in Deansgate, Newton, and Kirkmanshulme, of a total rent of £46, with the benefit of fines; the payment had recently been stopped 'by order.'
MIDDLEWOOD estate belonged to another Bickerstath family. Madoc son of Madoc de Aughton granted to his daughter Emma lands called the New Ridding and 'Steuensis Field.' This was afterwards known as the Cock Beck estate. Some verses say William (Blundell) the Demand was made a banneret in Gascony and died in 1289 and his son Richard was in possession of Sefton with his daughter Emma and sons William and Robert the Fowler. One of the most notable of his grants was made to Thomas his son in 1315, being a quitclaim of all his right in Little Salton and other lands in the Lothians which formerly belonged to Vivian de Molyneux.
NAWORTH CASTLE formerly the seate of the lords of Gilsland, was built for a stronghold in the reign of Edward III. by Ranulph Dacre. It consisted of a spacious quadrangular structure with two lofty towers, but was almost destroyed by a fire in 1844. Naworth Castle and Lanercost Priory are each about 2 miles from this town. Eastward of Brampton is a lofty conical mount, called the Mote, or the Castle Hill, at the foot of which are traces of an ancient camp, and the summit of which commands a very wide prospect-westward over Carlisle and the flat country to the Solway Frith, northwards towards Bewcastle and the Scottish mountains, and eastward to the Cheviot Hills and Tynedale Fell.
NIBTHWAITE township lies at the foot of Coniston lake, and in the vale of the river crake, extending from seven to nine miles N. by E. of Ulverston. A country of water or lakes, around which the towns, villages, and houses, were at first planted by the Sistuntian Britons, and so remain with change of name, imposed by the Saxon lords. It is also remarkable that the Saxon families in High Furness, lived in villages and hamlets of their own name, as late as the reign of Henry VIII, as appears from the court rolls of that time.
NORTHUMBERLAND is a traditional, ceremonial and administrative county in northern England. Once part of the Roman Empire and the scene of many wars between England and Scotland, Northumberland has a long and complicated history. This explains the many castles in Northumberland, including among the better-known those at Bamburgh, Dunstanburgh, Warkworth and Alnwick. The region of present-day Northumberland once formed the core of the Anglian kingdom of Northumbria. The ceremonial county borders Cumbria to the west, County Durham to the south and Tyne and Wear to the south east, as well as having a border with the Scottish Borders council area to the north, and nearly eighty miles of North Sea coastline. As the kingdom of Northumbria under King Edwin, the area's historical boundaries stretched from the Humber in the south to the Forth in the north. The traditional county covers a smaller area, similar to the modern ceremonial county but also including Newcastle-upon-Tyne, the traditional county town. Being on the border of Scotland and England, Northumberland has been the site of many battles.
NORTHAMPTON began as a Saxon village. The name Northampton first appeared in writing in 914. When they occupied Eastern England in the late 9th century the Danes turned Northampton into a stronghold called a burh. Despite the fact that it was a fortified settlement Northampton was captured and burned by the Danes in 1010. NORTHAMPTONSHIRE & CLELEY
OLDHAM the towns and villages of Chadderton, Crompton, Delph, Denshaw, Diggle, Dobcross, Failsworth, Greenfield, Lees, Royton, Shaw, and Uppermill. The town can be dated from 865 AD when Danish invaders established a settlement here with the name Aldehulme. In 1215 much of the lands of Oldham were given to the Knights of St John of Jerusalem by Roger de Montbegon.
ORRELL & FORD The township is formed of two detached portions, Orrell to the south and Ford to the north. It has not been ascertained when Orrell and Ford were separated from Litherland to form a distinct township; they are not recognized in the county lay, which was settled in 1624. ORRELL lies on the border of Walton. It contains the highest land in the parish of Sefton. Orrell occurs comparatively early as a well-defined part of Litherland, described as a hamlet of Litherland in 1345.
OXFORD is located some 50 miles (80 km) north west of London. The Oxford Canal connects to the River Thames or "Isis" at Oxford. Rectorial tithes, owed in 1317 from lands in Brize Norton, Shilton, Yelford, Ducklington, Hardwick, Standlake, Black Bourton, and Clanfield as well as from Bampton, Weald, Lew, Haddon, Aston, and Shifford, remained with the cathedral except during the Interregnum, when they were sold with the 'parsonage' estate.
PENRITH PARISH The parish of Penrith extends about 4 miles in length from north to south, and 3½ in breadth from east to west. It is bounded on the south by the river Eamont, which divides it from Westmorland, on the east by Edenhall, on the west by Greystoke and Newton, and on the north by Lazonby. The extensive common, consisting of about 5000 acres, has been enclosed and divided, together with the other waste lands in Inglewood Forest. The Honour Of Penrith forms the south-eastern part of Inglewood Forest, and is a paramount manor, belonging to the duke of Devonshire. Penrith Church, dedicated to Saint Andrew, is a large and handsome building, in the Grecian style, built in the years 1720 and 1722, at the expense of £2253 raised by a parochial rate and voluntary contributions. The Castle around Penrith was dismantled in the reign of Charles I by the adherents to the Commonwealth. In 1640, Charles I restored the franchise to several boroughs, amongst which were Cockermouth, Malton, Northallerton, Oakhampton.
REDDISH; the coat of REDDISH and a shield of KENDALL of seven quarterings both from Denton. Reddish lies near the center of the township and STOCKPORT passes through South Reddish to HEATON NORRIS west and to Manchester on the north through Barlow Fold, North Reddish and Sandfold. Robert Hyde was active in Manchester in 1642. His son Robert left to his daughter Mary, Denton as it was and she married Sir Ralph de Ashton. Denton was retained by daughter Katherine de Ashton and Thomas Lister of ARNOLDSBIGGIN.
ROCHDALE appears in the Domesday Book under the name of Recedham Manor, and was part of the Salford Hundred. The manor belonged to the crown until it was purchased by John Byron in 1638. St Chad's parish church was built in 1194, on the site of an earlier church which dates from 769 AD.
SALFORD HUNDRED according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of 919 AD, Salford had been part of the kingdom of Northumbria, until had been conquered by Edward the Elder, king of the West Saxons, Northampton, Warrington. Salford as being "held by Rogier de Poitou" occurs in the 1086 Domesday Book as far as Heaton Mersey in the south, Bolton and Bury to the north, Oldham and Rochdale to the east, and Warrington and Wigan to the west. Henry III granted Salford a weekly market on Wednesdays, and an annual 3 day fair on "the eve, day and morrow" of the Nativity of St Mary, that is 7th-9th September until 1851.
SEFTON & AUGHTON At the death of Edward the Confessor five thegns held SEFTON, which was assessed at one hide, and was worth 16s. At about 1100 by Roger of Poitou to the ancestor of Richard de Molyneux (living in 1212), and was the chief place of a fee consisting of ten and a half ploughlands held by this family by the service of half a knight. The ancestor mentioned was probably Robert de Molyneux, to whom about 1125 Stephen, count of Boulogne and Mortain, granted land in Down Litherland. Sextone in Domesday Book., Ceffton, 1242; Sefton, 1292, and afterwards general Shefton (1300) appears at times.
SOUTHOTE hamlet, which was in existence by 1265. In the 13th and 14th centuries a Southcote family lived in the parish but their earliest holding seems to have been in Sipson where mentioned in 1214, has the same latitude as Harmondsworth. The family does not appear to have acquired land in Southcote itself until 1310. In 1349 Southcote was described as 'juxta Colnbrook', and in the early 15th century a meadow was described as lying near High Bridge between Colney stream and Southcotes. There were houses on four roads in Harmondsworth, Moor Lane, Sherlane, Ash Lane, and Sipson Way, and also on the square called the Place. In the 15th century Southcote became known as 'Southcoterow', and, in 1450, 'Southcoterow' included the Perry lands and land called Padburys.
SOUTHWORTH WITH CROFT (Suthewrthe, 1212; Sotheworth, 1293; Suthworth, 1306. Croft, 1212.) Croft on the eastern portion of the township was the only hall in Southworth from the principal road leading eastward from Winwick to Culcheth. The two manors Southworth and Croft were held by different lords of Makerfield as it gave its name to the lord in 1212, Gilbert de Croft by his service of falconer and held Southworth and the manor of Dalton in Kendal. In 1595 the moiety of the manor is named among the Hoghton estates, and the manor in 1596 among those of George Booth.
STOCKPORT in the Domesday Book of 1086 only occurs as Cheadle and Bramhall. The Normans fortified the site and perhaps named it before there were markets in its name for a six hundred yeare old district that was regarded by Agricola, a guardian passage of the Mersey. By 1172 a castle stood in Castle Yard, where the present market place now is and it withstood a siege by Henry II. By 1327 it was held by the de Spencer family.
STRETFORD / TRAFFORD lying between the Irwell and Cornbrook on the north and the Mersey on the south, occupies the south-west corner of the parish and contains 3,255 acres. The surface is comparatively level, though it slopes to the Mersey. Stretford proper lies in the south, taking its name from an ancient ford over the Mersey, also called Crosford. The north-eastern portion is called Trafford or Old Trafford; a ford over the Irwell is said to have been near it. Longford lies on the eastern border. The principal road is that on the line of the old Roman road from Chester to Manchester, and crosses the Mersey by a bridge at the point where the ford was. Stretford gives its name to one of the parliamentary divisions of the county.
TAMESIDE in 47 AD, when the Romans reached the Fosse line, the kingdom of Brigantia came under Roman rule, and suffered strict and oppressive measures after the Brigantian revolt of 68 AD. Tameside featured on the road which the Romans built from Manchester to Leeds next to Ashton under Lyne and a branch to the fort at Melandra ran through the northern part of Mossley, within the present Borough. In an entry from the Cheshire Domesday of 1086 the land was in the possession of Hugh d'Avranches, earl of Chester - his possessions were listed as also including Romily, Tintwistle and Werneth. Ashton is now the main town of Tameside, it hardly existed as an entity in medieval times, though in 1413 a Market Charter was granted to Sir John Assheton to be held close to the church of St Mary and the church of St Michael (the latter being St Michael's in Ashton). The Charter also granted a twice annual fair to be held in July and November such as that of Hartland and sheep grazing pastures on the moorlands to the east towards Saddleworth.
TAMESIDE at ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE, there is a prominant statue on the ground floor portraying a knight on horseback. This comemmorates Sir Ralph de Assheton, the Black Knight one of the favourites of King Richard III. The Black Lad effigy ritual, which consisted of burning a straw effigy probably originated from pagan beliefs in seeing in the spring by destroying a representative of winter.
TYNESIDE REGION Geordie refers to a person from the Tyneside region of England and the adjacent former coal mining areas of southeastern Northumberland or the "dialect" spoken by these people. The physical geography of Northumberland is diverse. To North-Easterners the term exclusively refers to persons from Tyneside. Geordie derives much less influence from French and Latin than does Standard English, being substantially Angle and Viking in origin. The accent and pronunciation, as in Lowland Scots, reflect old Anglo-Saxon pronunciations, accents and usages. The Cheviot Hills, in the northwest of the county, consist mainly of resistant Devonian granite and andesite lava. A second area of igneous rock underlies Whin Sill (on which Hadrian's Wall runs), an intrusion of carboniferous Dolerite. Both ridges support a rather bare moorland landscape. Approximately a quarter of the county is protected as the Northumberland National Park, an area of outstanding landscape that has largely been protected from development and agriculture. The park stretches south from the Scottish border and includes Hadrian's Wall.
WALSH HALL and Brookfield were a junior branch of the Uplitherland family. Two early deeds relating to Stockbridge House have been given. Brookfield was partly held of Cockersand Abbey, partly by a grant from John le Waleys, and partly by others from the Aughton families. The Stanleys of Bickerstaffe had a house in Aughton called the LITTLE HALL. In 1282 Simon the father settled upon his son an estate, later known as MOOR HALL, of a messuage and 120 acres in Aughton, subject only to an annuity of 30s.
WARRINGTON in the Salford Hundred and the ancient parish of FURTHO occupied 693 acres towards the south-eastern corner of Cleley hundred, forming a strip of land running south from a northern boundary represented by a short length of the river Tove (which is here also the county boundary) for a distance of about two miles to Watling Street, which for just under a mile separated Furtho from Passenham. On the west, the parish was bounded by Potterspury and Yardley Gobion, on the east by Cosgrove. In 1086, On the bishop of Bayeux's estate at Puxley one villein and one bordar had half a plough between them.
WEST DERBY in the eighteenth century the township was divided into four quarters: Woodside, on the east; Town row, embracing the village and the north-west portion; Low Hill, on the border of Liverpool; and Ackers End, the Old Swan district. The village of West Derby, but the larger houses set amidst gardens and paddocks are separated by airy spaces and are overshadowed by trees. At that time the principal road out of Liverpool, leading to Prescot and Warrington, ascended eastward, by Cheetham's Brow, to Low Hill, and went onward with fields on either side for about two miles to the Old Swan Inn, which has since given name to the hamlet around it. To the south of Prescot Road another led eastward from Liverpool. WEST DERBY was the capital manor of the hundred, to which it gave name. As a royal manor it stands first in Domesday Book in the description of the land 'Between Ribble and Mersey.' The first distinct allusion to the chapel of West Derby from Upholland occurs in the middle of the fourteenth century.
The term WEST RIDING usually refers to the West Riding of Yorkshire in England, though Lindsey also possesses a West Riding. It is one of the three ancient divisions of the county of Yorkshire, its county town being Wakefield. Yorkshire's West Riding comprises an area roughly corresponding to its administrative successors West Yorkshire and South Yorkshire plus the Craven and Harrogate districts of North Yorkshire. Small parts lie in the administration of the Lancashire, Cumbria and Greater Manchester administrative areas and the post-1996 East Riding of Yorkshire. Of this area the southern industrial district, considered in the broadest application of the term, can be seen to extend northwards from Sheffield to Skipton and eastwards from Sheffield to Doncaster, covering rather less than one-half. Within this district are Barnsley, Batley, Bradford, Brighouse, Dewsbury, Doncaster, Halifax, Huddersfield, Keighley, Leeds, Morley, Ossett, Pontefract, Pudsey, Rotherham, Sheffield, Todmorden (partly in Lancashire), and Wakefield. Major centres elsewhere in the riding include Harrogate, and Ripon.
WIGAN is an old town, with a Charter dating back to 1246. Over 2,000 years ago, Celtic warriors settled in Wigan, and later the Romans built a fort there, known as Coccium. Hindley / Hindele (1212) Township is at the cener of the great Lancs coalfield having the ancient road from Manchester to Wigan and two formerly burning wells and a sundial dated 1699 formerly stood at Castle Hill. Hindley was one of the fifteen berewicks in the manor of Newton before the Conquest.
WIGANS PARISH CHURCH & ALL SAINTS, in Market Street dates back to the 13th century. Its parish church, All Saints, in Market Street dates back to the 13th century. In this church is the tomb of Sir William Bradshaw (sometimes called Bradshaigh), and his wife Mable, (who had bigamously remarried supposing him to be dead). According to one account of the legend, in 1324, ten years after leaving, Bradshaw returned from the wars in Scotland, promptly killed his wife's new husband, and made her walk barefoot and dressed in sackcloth to their home at Haigh Hall once a week for the rest of her life. By the time of the Middle Ages, Wigan had become a constituent manor of the Barony of Makerfield-there is no reference to it in the Domesday Book.
WORSLEY the ancient township, was Wekesleia in 1195. ELLENBROOK in the west divides it from Tyldesley and Astley. Another brook near the boundary of Clifton divides Worsley from Swinton on the east. From Manchester to Wigan through Swinton, Wardley, and Walkden is the chief road along a Roman road and branches off. The southerly branch from Swinton and Worsley to Eccles and crossroads. In 1666 the hearth-tax returns show that Wardley Hall was the largest residence, having nineteen hearths; Worsley Hall and Booths had seventeen each. The total number of hearths in the township was 276. The chapel of Ellen Brook was a foundation to the lords of Worsley. The mesne lordships were very quickly ignored, and the Worsleys were said to hold directly of the Earls or Dukes of Lancaster. Richard was a benefactor to the canons of Cockersand, and two other of his charters have been preserved.