PASSENHAM PARISH The ancient parish of Passenham occupied acrage of the south of Cleley hundred where from the east adjoins Buckingham by a separating river Great Ouse. Opposite to the southwest runs Wicken to King's Brook, at the northwest is Oxfordshire parish of Lillingstone Lovell and transferred to Buckinghamshire in the 1830s. On the northeast from these, the boundary with Potterspury and a detached portion of Cosgrove, Watling Street separates Passenham and Furtho. At the very south end of the parish, the Ouse valley lies several feet above sea level- about as much as a dune.

PASSENHAM, FURTHO, COSGROVE At the western end of the village, on the Passenham side of Watling Street, a building stood in the early 17th century on the site later occupied by the Black Horse inn, which in 1871 was said to have been licensed for over fifty years. After his death, Edmund Arnold's heir-atlaw, Thomas Arnold of Heyford, the son and heir of Thomas Arnold, who was the son of Edmund Arnold's eldest brother Thomas, challenged the will, without success. After Edmund's widow, who married Sir George Etheridge, died in 1692, the Attorney-General began an action against his surviving trustees and Thomas Arnold, alleging that they had frustrated the testator's wishes and failed to establish the charities set out in his will. In the early 17th century Edward Furtho's estate in Furtho itself (presumably meaning the lands belonging to the manor), was worth about £200 a year, including the site of the manor with its orchards, gardens and closes, which was generally kept in hand. Furtho dues from Hardley Field (in Potterspury), a 30 a. farm with land in the common fields of Cosgrove and Furtho, a cottage in the village of Cosgrove which lay in Furtho parish, and the former hermitage at Old Stratford. Until 1883, when the area was added to Cosgrove, a small part of the village of Old Stratford formed a detached outlier of Furtho, which was said in the 1720s to contain four houses and in the 1830s two. Old Stratford had no charities of its own but shared in those belonging to Cosgrove and Passenham.

POTTERSPURY In 1363 Edward III acquired a small castle at Moor End in Potterspury, which remained in royal hands thereafter, although it appears never to have been very important and was dismantled in the 16th century. Smaller moated sites can be identified at Passenham and Yardley Gobion, which in both cases appear to mark the position of a medieval manor house, and at Hartwell and near Potterspury (within a detached portion of Cosgrove parish), of which the former certainly and the latter probably were built by medieval freeholders. The mill of Whittlewood on the northside of the lane leading from Passenham to the main Buckingham road appears to have no later history.

POWYS in 1075 was divided between Bleddyn's three sons, Cadwgan, Iorwerth and Maredudd. Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (c. 1000 – August 5, 1063) was the ruler of all Wales from 1055 until his death. He allied himself with Ælfgar, son of Earl Leofric of Mercia, who had been deprived of his earldom of East Anglia by Harold Godwinson and his brothers. Gruffydd married Ælfgar's daughter, Ealdgyth. Around this time Gruffydd was also able to seize Morgannwg and Gwent, along with extensive territories along the border with England. In 1056 he won another victory over an English army near Glasbury. In the spring of 1063 Harold Godwinson's brother Tostig led an army into north Wales while Harold Godwinson led to fleet first to south Wales and then north to meet with his brother's army. In 1088 Cadwgan ap Bleddyn of Powys attacked Deheubarth and forced Rhys ap Tewdwr to flee to Ireland. Rhys ap Tewdwr (died 1093) was a prince of Deheubarth in southern Wales and member of the Dinefwr dynasty, a branch decended from Rhodri the Great. It was formed by the merger of the borough of Llandovery, the urban districts of Ammanford, Cwmamman and Llandeilo along with Llandeilo Rural District, which were all in Carmarthenshire. Rhys claimed the throne of Deheubarth follwing the death of his second cousin Rhys ab Owain in battle against Caradog ap Gruffydd in 1078.

RADNOR FOREST in Mid Wales. The old town of Caerleon (or Caerleon on Usk - i.e. on the banks of the River Usk in south Wales) has long been associated with the story of King Arthur. In the fifth century, the Celts from Cornwall invaded Armorica (Brittany). During the English invasion (500s-600s) the period of Arthur and Doniert and other Celtic Kings salute the age of the saints where the Romano-British period had move to Ireland and some to Cumbria.

REDWYNDE There were Thorpe lands called Redwynde and Graveney in Thorpe which were granted for life to John the Parker in 1377 for keeping the king's deer. The Water of Redwynde is the old name of the stream which skirts the parish and joins the Bourne Brook in Chertsey. In the reign of Henry III, for the easement of men crossing by the King's Way at Redewynd (v. Chertsey), which had formerly been the highway, and which had fallen into a bad condition. Thomas de Oxenford had not only built, but had also repaired his causeway. Land at THORPE, '5 mansas in loco qui dicitur Thorp,' was given to the abbey of Chertsey by Frithwald before 675, in which charter the boundaries of Thorpe are given. The manor of Thorpe is included with those of Chertsey, Egham, and Chobham in all subsequent confirmations of this grant made to the abbey.

REVELL estate in Puxley from Cosgrove and Furtho appears to have passed with their lands in Cosgrove to the Spigurnel family, who by 1328, when Henry Spigurnel died, held land of several lords in Puxley, Cosgrove and Furtho. In the 13th century the forest was divided into Wakefield and Hasleborough walks and the hay of Handley; at some later date Sholebrook, Hanger and Shrobb walks were created by the subdivision of Wakefield Walk in Whittlewood. In 1501-2 Henry VII enlarged the Crown estate in Puxley by making at least 15 purchases of small freeholds there, by Ashton Under Lyne. Like Green's Puxley, it was annexed to the honor of Grafton on its creation in 1542. From that time until the death of the last Sir Thomas Green in 1506 Puxley and the keepership descended with the family's home manor of Greens Norton.

ROBERTSBRIDGE In it in 1193 Richard the Lionheart was returning from the 3rd Crusade across Europe, when he was captured by Duke Leopold of Austria, and handed over to the Holy Roman Emperor who imprisoned him. Abbot William of Robertsbridge Abbey was commisioned by Parliament to find the King. In 1356 at the battle of Poitiers a local knight Sir John Pelham together with Sir Roger de la Warr captured Jean the King of France, because of this the Sir John was given the Kings belt buckle as a badge of honour. The badge can been seen in Berwick, Chiddingly, Crowhurst, Dallington, Halland, Laughton, Pevensey, Robertsbridge, Withyam. The body of Sir John Pelham and his wife were buried in Robertsbridge Abbey. Robersbridge is believed that the name of the village was derived from the bridge built by the 1st abbot - Robert de St Martin, abbey records show it as "Pons Roberti" which translates from the Latin to The Bridge of Robert.

(ROMAN) WATLING STREET The area first came under suspect in 1782 after second-century pottery and a first century brooch were discovered during ploughing. The remains of a substantial Roman building, a probable Romano-British Temple was discovered in 1969 to the north-west of the Ospringe settlement about (90 m) north of the road (at TQ9961), where the remains had been incorporated within the structure of a later church. The only classical reference for this minor settlement on Watling Street is the Antonine Itinerary of the late-second century, named Durolevum listed 13 miles from Durobrivae (Rochester, Kent) and 12 miles from Durovernum (Canterbury, Kent).

ROMNEY MARSH a district in the south of Kent, and aliberty partly also in Sussex. The district lies on the coast, between Hythe and the boundary with Sussex; is divided into the sub-districts of New Romney and Lydd; and contains the parishes of West Hythe, Burmarsh, Dymchurch, Blackmanstone, Orgarswick, East-bridge, Newchurch, St. Mary-the-Virgin, Hope-All Saints, New Romney, Ivychurch, Lydd, Midley, Old Romney, Snave, Snargate, Brenzett, Brookland, and Fairfield. Stretching for miles toward Dungeness to the west and Folkestone to the east it is washed completely by the tide twice daily to leave a magnificent gently sloping strip of sand almost a 1/4 mile wide at low tide. The River Rother today flows into the sea below Rye; but until 1287 its mouth lay between Romney and Lydd. It was tidal far upstream, almost to Bodiam. The seaports off of Sussex are now small and comparatively unimportant, but the mildness of the climate along the sea coast has led to the growth of numerous watering and bathing places and health resorts, including Brighton, Hastings, Eastbourne, Worthing, Seaford, Littlehampton, and Bognor.

ROMNEY MARSH & NEW ROMNEY The Thames along the Saxon Shore Way is more than ½ a mile wide, and has a depth, at low water, of about 48 feet; and it begins to expand below, forming there the Hope, the last of its many reaches; yet it is supposed, by some writers, for reasons of merely fancied changes of depth of channel, to have been forded at Hinham, about a mile lower down, in the yeare 43, by Aulus Plautius, the lieutenant of Claudius. The Marsh became the property of the Priory of Canterbury in the 9th century, who granted the first tenancy on the land to a man called Baldwin, sometime between 1152 and 1167. The most significant feature of the Marsh is the Rhee wall (Rhee is a word for river), forming a prominent ridge among walls not built in Roman times. This feature was extended in three stages from Appledore to New Romney in the 13th century as a waterway. A village and parish in Tenterden, Appledore in Kent stands on a branch of the river Rother to once was a seaport, on the quondam estuary of the Rother; and it was assailed by the Danes in the time of King Alfred, and by the French in 1380.

RUGBY the manor was treated as being worth a half of a knights fee. It was part of the Earl of Warwick's lands from before 1086 to around 1500. In 1086 the manor was held from the Earl by Edwulf and his family remained Lords of the Manor until about 1310.

SALEHURST is an old Saxon settlement that is mentioned in the Domesday book as having been destroyed by the Normans just before the Battle of Hastings in 1066 in Battle, a Roman base around Beauport from 43AD until 400AD. Like Cranbrook it lies on the Maidstone roadway. The name is derived from the Saxon a Staple meaning Post and hurst a wood. When wool was encouraged from Fleming settlers, many were encouraged to Cranbrook.

SHIPDEN One of the earliest records mentioning the town was in 1285 when King Edward I granted a Friday market and a yearly feast of eight days. The market was in existance until the beginning of 1800. By 1337 the Church in Shipden was in a state of decay with the graveyard almost disappearing into the sea, so King Edward III gave permission for a new church on the site of Shipden-Juxta-Felbrigg and was granted an additional acre of land.

SHRYMPLEMARSHE (Simple Marsh, or Simple Mere) was included among the abbey lands, being valued in the 16th century at 100s. Other records refer to a rabbit-warren on St. Anne's Hill, otherwise Eldebury Hill, in Chertsey, which belonged to the monastery and was granted to Sir William Fitz William in 1550, and sold during the Commonwealth to George Vincent.

SNELSHALL PRIORY & DEANSHANGER In the mid 13th century Snelshall Priory (Bucks.) received at least ten grants of land and rent in Passenham and Deanshanger (and other premises in Wicken) from Robert de Pyru, Ralph le Cheyne, Roger Luberd, William de la Green, Thomas le Despenser, Hugh son of Hugh de Stratford and Henry son of Walkelin.

STAINES The Thames Valley and the less barren stream beds in the Bagshot sand were inhabited in early times. A polished stone celt has been found near Egham, and a bronze spear-head in the Thames near Runnimede. The great Roman road from the Thames Valley to the south-west crossed the Thames near the ancient parish of STAINES and ran through Egham parish along the border of the counties of Surrey and Berkshire towards Easthampstead Plain in Berkshire, where it exists as the Devil's Highway. Ashford, LALEHAM, and Teddington were all chapelries of Staines in the earlier Middle Ages, but a reference to the beating of the parish bounds in 1491 shows that, though Ashford was still ecclesiastically dependent on Staines, it was by the nconsidered to be in some sense a separate parish and there was a fixed boundary between the two. Staines lies on the east bank of the Thames, which separates it from Surrey, while the branch of the Colne known as the Shire Ditch divides it from Buckinghamshire.

STANNARDS & FORDS During the reigns of Edward II and Edward III it was held, under the de Hammes, by a family of the name of Ford, whose name became attached to that of the manor, which in later times always appears under the name of the manor of Stanners and Fords.

STEPNEY covered almost all the area between the suburbs of the City of London and the river Lea, the eastern boundary of Middlesex, until the early 14th century when the first of several daughter parishes was created. vill included Hackney, and probably at one time also Bromley, a parish created from an estate in 'Stepney' claimed unsuccessfully by the bishop in 1086. The date at which the three achieved separate parochial status is not known: since Stepney gave its name to the vill it is assumed it was a Saxon parochia, but on the other hand, because of its closeness to London it may have remained part of the parochia of St. Paul's until relatively late. Among the boundaries of Chertsey set forth in 673 is mentioned the isle of HAM or Hamenege, which is later represented by Ham Moor and Ham Farm, and which was known from the 12th to the 18th century as the manor of Ham.

STONY STRATFORD a village developed on either side of Watling Street and thus lay partly in Passenham and partly in Cosgrove, with a few houses in Furtho and a detached outlier of Potterspury. This settlement was known as For Stratford or West Stratford in the Middle Ages and later as Old Stratford. In the north of Passenham parish a settlement named Puxley appears in Domesday Book divided into two small estates, and later in the Middle Ages one of the houses there was the residence of the keeper of Whittlewood, before Wakefield Lodge assumed that function.

STUKELEY (GREAT STUKELEY & LITTLE STUKELEY) from Huntingdonshire, Little Stukeley is a parish of 1,523 acres lying near the centre of the county, some three miles north-west of the county town; it is a narrow strip of land, bounded mainly by the parishes of Great Stukeley and Alconbury. At the time of the Domesday Survey (1086) two knights, Richard and Hugh, held three hides of the abbot. Possibly one of these knights was father of Nicholas, archdeacon of Huntingdon (ob. c. 1110), the father of Henry of Huntingdon, the historian, who apparently succeeded his father as archdeacon and died c. 1155. In the time of Abbot Robert (1180–1200), Adam de Stukeley, with Aristotle his son, made an agreement with the abbot to farm Stukeley for £5.

STUKELEY, LENVEYSE, RAMSEY ABBEY In the 12th and 13th centuries the family of Lenveyse were, except for the Stukeleys, the chief tenants of the abbot. Jordan Lenveyse held land here in 1199 and in the next century he, or his namesake, owed suit at the abbot's court at Broughton and service. By a 12th-century extent of the lands of Ramsey Abbey we find that Josceline de Stukeley held 2 hides and a virgate in Stukeley.

SUSSEX The territory now forming Sussex was inhabited by the ancient British Regni; was included by the Romans in their Britannia Prima; was overrun, in 477-50, by Ella the Saxon; became then the kingdom of SUDSEXE or the South Saxons; was united, about 728 to Wessex; suffered much devastation at different times by the Danes, and in 1051 by Earl Godwin; was the scene of the landing, and of the decisive victory, of William the Conqueror; was divided by William among several of his chief followers, including the Earl of Mortaigne and W-de Warenne; became the scene at Lewes, of the great battle between Henry III. and his barons. Ancient British entrenchments, and many barrows, are on the South Downs. A chain of camps, some of them Roman, occurs on such of these hills as command both the sea-board and the Weald. Roman stations were at Bignor, Chichester, Midhurst, Lewes, Pevensey, Aldington, and Amberley. Roman roads connected the stations, and went toward the N.

TALWORTH The overlordship of the manor of TALWORTH, or TALWORTH COURT, was from 1086, when Talworth formed part of the possessions of Richard de Tonbridge, vested in the family of Clare, passing thence to the Despensers, Beauchamps, and Nevills. Early in the 13th century, William Picot appears as witness to a charter of Peter de Talworth, by whom 12 acres in this place were granted to the hospital of St. Thomas of Southwark, and the Picots were still holding land there in 1291, when Henry Picot (Pycoch) granted 8 acres in Talworth to the Prior of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem. In the same yeare Talworth was granted to Edmund Earl of Kent, who in 1330 was sentenced to death on a charge of being engaged in a plot to assist his brother the king, Edward II, who was said to have escaped from Berkeley, but in reality because he opposed the rule of Mortimer and the queen-mother. At its dissolution the priory held rents of assize in Kingston, Ditton, Talworth, Chessington, Hook, and elsewhere amounting to £1 16s. 1½d. These were annexed to the honour of Hampton Court.

TATSFIELD is a very small parish lying between Titsey and the county of Kent, which surrounds it on the north and east. It extends along the Kent border in a narrow strip to the border of Limpsfield. The road from Croydon to Westerham runs through Tatsfield, which is 9 miles south-east of the former and 3½ miles north-west of the latter. Along the slope of the hill the ancient road called the Pilgrims' Way runs from Surrey into Kent, passing just below Tatsfield Court Farm. There are roadside wastes at Westmore Green and Tatsfield Green in the north and at Clacket's Green in the south of the parish. In 1086 it was held by Anschitel de Ros of Odo Bishop of Bayeux, half-brother of William I, who created him Earl of Kent. The family of Ros appears to have continued in possession of the manor until about the middle of the 13th century, as lands in Tatsfield were in 1258 quitclaimed to Hugh de Windsor and Godeholda his wife, widow of William de Ros, by Maud wife of Geoffrey de Percy and Lora a widow, sisters of William de Ros.

TENTERDEN was known as 'Tenet-ware-den', meaning, 'pig-pasture of the men of Thanet'. However it was sheep that made the area prosperous on the border of the dense woodlands of the Weald, and the flatter farmlands of the Rother Levels, that run down to the Romney Marshes. The nearest large town is Ashford about 14 miles north east through Hastings- the Domesday kingdom in East Sussex.

TROTTESWORTH In 1189–90 Nigel le Broc held land called TROTTESWORTH of the Abbot of Chertsey for the fourth part of a knight's fee, and at some period during the latter half of the 12th century Maurice de Trotteswrth and others held land in Surrey of the abbot for the same service. Egham Causeway, leading from the town of Egham to the bridge of Staines, was constructed in the time of Henry III. It was used both as a highway and also as a dyke, to prevent the inundation of the surrounding country by the River Thames. The history of land, which evidently formed the nucleus of Milton manor as in 1299 Henry de Middleton and Matilda his wife held a messuage, a mill, and lands in Egham and Thorpe. In 1350 a commission was appointed to find the persons responsible for the repair of the causeway damaged by flood. The first definite reference to the manor of MILTON does not occur until the middle of the 14th century, 1348.

TYNESIDE REGION Geordie refers to a person from the Tyneside region of England and the adjacent former coal mining areas of southeastern Northumberland or the "dialect" spoken by these people. The physical geography of Northumberland is diverse. To North-Easterners the term exclusively refers to persons from Tyneside. Geordie derives much less influence from French and Latin than does Standard English, being substantially Angle and Viking in origin. The accent and pronunciation, as in Lowland Scots, reflect old Anglo-Saxon pronunciations, accents and usages. The Cheviot Hills, in the northwest of the county, consist mainly of resistant Devonian granite and andesite lava. A second area of igneous rock underlies Whin Sill (on which Hadrian's Wall runs), an intrusion of carboniferous Dolerite. Both ridges support a rather bare moorland landscape. Approximately a quarter of the county is protected as the Northumberland National Park, an area of outstanding landscape that has largely been protected from development and agriculture. The park stretches south from the Scottish border and includes Hadrian's Wall.

VIRGINIA WATER The Thames Valley ran through Virginia Water, an artificial lake of much later construction, past Englefield Green to the Thames. The Roman station Ad Pontes, or Pontibus, was near Staines, and from its name appears to have been the passage of the Thames before other bridges were made. STAINES parish lies between 25 and 75 feet above sea level. The gravel stretches over to Egham, and Staines is the only place west of London where it is possible to cross the Thames without leaving gravel for alluvial soils either at the river itself, as is necessary farther east, or before reaching it, as farther west where the much-flooded Colne valley lies in the way.While the name Pontes, generally believed to refer to Staines, implies that the Staines Bridge existed in Roman times. The bridge is first mentioned after Roman times in 1222, when the king gave a tree from Windsor Forest for its repair. The town of Staines grew up south of the church and beside the bridge. Late in the Middle Ages, when the grants became more frequent, the money was sometimes also used to repair EGHAM Causeway.

WALDRON village lying between the and the in the quiet Sussex countryside, found its name derived from the Saxon Walda meaning woody ground, which changed to Walderne. In Warbleton south of Punnetts Town, from the 1540's to the late 1700's the area near to Warbleton was in the heart of the Sussex Iron industry, with Cralle Furnace creating cannons and other implements.

WENLOCK in Shropshire, was town to grow around a monastery founded in 680 AD. In the twelfth century this was replaced by the Priory. Nearby Wrekin was renamed as Mount Gilbert by the Normans after a local hermit who lived on the hill, but in time the ancient name became used again. The name The Wrekin is also used to refer more generally to the part of East Shropshire around the towns of Telford and Wellington, within sight of the hill. From an old story, A Giant was not happy with the people of Shrewsbury (Salop) and decided to bury their town with a massive mound of earth that he was carrying on a spade.

WEST HAM The advowson of the vicarage of West Ham was apparently not then given to the abbey, but descended with the Montfitchet estates at least until 1254, when Richard de Montfitchet (d. 1267) was listed as the patron. During the Middle Ages the parish of All Saints included the whole of West Ham except the precincts of Stratford Abbey, which constituted a separate parish of about 24 a., with its own church of St. Mary and All Saints.

The term WEST RIDING usually refers to the West Riding of Yorkshire in England, though Lindsey also possesses a West Riding. It is one of the three ancient divisions of the county of Yorkshire, its county town being Wakefield. Yorkshire's West Riding comprises an area roughly corresponding to its administrative successors West Yorkshire and South Yorkshire plus the Craven and Harrogate districts of North Yorkshire. Small parts lie in the administration of the Lancashire, Cumbria and Greater Manchester administrative areas and the post-1996 East Riding of Yorkshire. Of this area the southern industrial district, considered in the broadest application of the term, can be seen to extend northwards from Sheffield to Skipton and eastwards from Sheffield to Doncaster, covering rather less than one-half. Within this district are Barnsley, Batley, Bradford, Brighouse, Dewsbury, Doncaster, Halifax, Huddersfield, Keighley, Leeds, Morley, Ossett, Pontefract, Pudsey, Rotherham, Sheffield, Todmorden (partly in Lancashire), and Wakefield. Major centres elsewhere in the riding include Harrogate, and Ripon.

WOOBURN is watered by the River Wye, called also the Wickham River, which flows through it from Wycombe and enters the Thames at Bourne End. The Thames is spanned by a railway bridge and by a toll bridge for the road from Bourne End to Cookham in Berkshire. Before the Conquest Leuric, one of Earl Harold's men, held LEDE MANOR. In 1086 it was held by the Bishop of Lincoln and assessed at 1½ hides.

WOOBURN DEYNCOURT or DEANCOURT MANOR. In 1235 John de la Gloria held half a fee in Wooburn of Oliver Deyncourt which appears from the early 15th century as THE GLORY MANOR or THE GLORY or GLORY MILLS, a sub-manor to that of Wooburn Deyncourt. The reversions and remainders of this manor acquired by William Lord Compton in 1596 were granted in fee on his petition in 1597 to Thomas Spencer and Robert Atkinson. In the same yeare Lord Compton conveyed an estate in Wooburn Deyncourt to Ralph Atkinson.

YEOVENEY Late in the Middle Ages, when the grants became more frequent, the money was sometimes also used to repair EGHAM Causeway. In addition to the town of Staines, there was a village at YEOVENEY in the Middle Ages. It may have lain near the Yeoveney Farm, which probably occupies the site of the old manorial buildings. They lay on the west of Moor Lane, except in the north where they probably extended across the lane north of Staines moor. They were inclosed by 1649. The hamlets of Knowle Green and Birch Green are not mentioned in the 15th-century rentals, but the Town, Church End, and Knowle Green formed the three divisions of the parish in the later 17th century. In 1680 Staines and Egham were mentioned as places where the horse-guards usually lodged while the king was at Windsor. The bridge was again threatened with destruction in 1688 to impede William of Orange's advance on London.

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