An Artist (or Adaptive) generation is born during a Crisis, spends its rising adult years in a new High, spends midlife in an Awakening, and spends old age in an Unraveling.Constituting beauty cannot be easily standardized in array that focuses on a useful spectrum. Artistic leaders have been advocates of fairness and the politics of inclusion, irrepressible in the wake of failure. But, one creates right evocation of myth in imagination turn to have an aesthetic value.

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27 10 1466 Captain James Cook, explorer, was born in Yorkshire, England
28 10 1466 Erasmus, scholar, author of "In Praise of Folly"
03 05 1469 Niccolo Machiavalli, philosopher, was born
28 10 1469 Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch Renaissance scholar and theologian, was born
13 03 1470 The Lancasters defeat the Yorks at the battle of Stamforn
11 04 1471 Henry VI of England was deposed for losing the war of the roses
04 05 1471 House of York defeats the House of Lancaster at Tewkesbury
20 05 1471 Albrecht Durer, the artist, was born
21 05 1471 Albrecht Durer, painter & printmaker, greatest German Renaissance artist
21 05 1471 Henry VI of England was murdered
19 02 1473 Nicolas Copernicus born (Thorn, Poland)
19 02 1473 Nicolaus Copernicus
06 03 1475 Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet, was born
07 02 1478 Sir Thomas More, humanist, philosopher, statesman, was born in London

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02 07 1566 Michel de Nostradamus (the "prophet") died in Salon
09 02 1567 Lord Darnley, consort of Mary, Queen of Scots, was murdered
13 05 1568 Mary of Scotland was defeated at the battle of Langside
11 01 1569 First English lottery was carried out. This continued as a money maker till 1826
13 03 1569 The Huguenots defeated at Jarnac
27 12 1571 Johannes Kepler, astronomer, was born
1572 Francis Drake attacks Spanish harbors in the Americas
11 06 1572 Ben Johson, playwright
24 08 1572 The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, more than 30,000 people killed in riots of French Catholics against Protestant Huguenots
24 11 1572 John Knox, Scottish religious and political reformer, died
15 07 1573 Inigo Jones, architect, lancscape designer and antiquary, was born
1576 Martin Frobisher puts his name on Frobisher's Bay, Canada
27 08 1576 Titian, the Venetian painter, died
1577 Sir Francis Drake begins explorations on west coast of North America
28 06 1577 Peter Paul Rubens, the Flemish painter, was born
29 06 1577 Peter Paul Rubens, the artist, was born
01 04 1578 William Harvey, discoverer of blood circulation, was born
06 04 1580 Earthquake in London badly damages St Paul's and other churches
26 09 1580 Sir Francis Drake arrives with ships full of plunder from Spain
1581 Franciscan friars begin missionary work in "New Mexico"
24 02 1582 Pope Gregory XIII issues a Papal Bull in which he outlines the calendar reforms that will be known as the Gregorian Calendar
20 12 1582 The Gregorian Calendar was introduced in France
1584 Walter Raleigh knighted by Virgin Queen for naming new colony for her
18 03 1584 Ivan the Terrible, czar of Russia, died
1585 English attempt colony at Roanoke Island, NC, but have Indian trouble
1586 Potatoes from Columbia introduced to England by Herriot
1587 New colony established at Pamlico Sound. It disappeared within 2 yrs
1587 Virginia Dare was first child born in the colonies; fate unknown
08 02 1587 Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded
18 08 1587 Virginia Dare, the first woman to be born in America of English parents, was born in North Carolina
 

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1675 Indian "King Phillip" begins retaliatory war against white invaders
21 06 1675 The laying of the first stone for Christopher Wren's rebuilding of St. Paul's Cathedral
22 06 1675 Royal Greenwich Observatory founded
10 08 1675 Construction began on the astronomical observatory at Greenwich England by order of Charles II
1676 Bacon's Rebellion wages vigilante war in Virginia
20 06 1676 First forly declared "Day of Thanksgiving", Charlestown, MA
26 08 1676 Sir Robert Walpole, Whig statesman and British Prime Minister, was born
04 03 1678 Antonio Vivaldi, late Baroque violin virtuoso and composer born in Venice, Italy
04 03 1678 Antonio Vivaldi, late Baroque violin virtuoso and composer
31 05 1678 the first Lady Godiva procession held in Coventry celebrating her 12th century ride
28 09 1678 "Pilgrim's Progress" published
1679 Habeas Corpus Amendment Act in England
1679 Settlements in what is now New Hampshire proclaimed a royal colony
22 06 1679 Monmouth defeats The Covenanters at Bothwell Brig in Scotland
1680 Pueblo Indians get horses from Spanish; first Plains Indians to do so
10 02 1680 The great comet disappeared from view. Most were terrified by it but it aided Newton in the study of parabolic orbits
10 08 1680 Pueblo revolt starts between Pueblo Indians and their Spanish rulers
25 09 1680 Samuel Butler, poet and author, died
1681 Province of Pennsylvania (Penn's Woodlands) chartered
04 03 1681 William Penn was given land by King Charles II for a "holy experiment" of a Colony in Pennsylvania
14 03 1681 Georg Philipp Telemann, leading German late baroque composer
1682 LaSalle explores Mississippi River, claims river valley for France
1682 Philadelphia founded. Penn publishes Frame of Government
10 06 1682 first tornado recorded in America hits New Haven Connecticut
19 10 1682 Thomas Browne, philosopher, died
1684 A patent was granted for the thimble
1684 Charles II annuls 1629 charter of Massachusetts colony
1684 Cotton Mather coins the term "Americans" for colonists
1685 Louis XIV cancels Edict of Nantes, thousands flee to the colonies
23 02 1685 George Frederick Handel, German born English composer, was born
21 03 1685 Johann Sebastian Bach, baroque composer, born in Eisenach, Germany
05 07 1685 Duke of Monmouth's rebel army was defeated
15 07 1685 James, Duke of Monmouth, executed for treason at Tower Hill, London
26 10 1685 Domenico Scarlatti, virtuoso harpsichordist and composer, was born in Naples
24 05 1686 Gabriel Fahrenheit, physicist, was born
28 01 1687 Johannes Hevelius died
06 07 1687 Newton publishes Principia Mathematica
1688 First written protest against slavery, by Mennonites in Germantown, PA
1688 The Glorious Revolution establishes Parliamentary supremacy
21 05 1688 Alexander Pope, poet and satirist, was born
1689 English Parliament enacts Bill of Rights, provides religious freedom
1689 Pensacola founded (again)
13 02 1689 William III and Mary II take the throne together
27 07 1689 The highlanders defeat Mackay at Killiecrankie
25 08 1689 1500 Iroquois Indians kill all 200 inhabitants of Montréal
1690 First newspaper banned in the colonies was Publick Occurences, in Boston
12 07 1690 William of Orange defeated Roman Catholic army of James II, establishing Protestant domination in North Ireland
25 09 1690 One of the earliest American newspapers "Publick Occurrences", published its first and last edition in Boston
1691 Plymouth becomes part of royal colony of Massachusetts
30 12 1691 Robert Boyle, chemist and physicist, died
1692 Witch hunts in Salem, MA; 19 die
01 03 1692 Sarah Goode, Sarah Osborne, and Tituba arrested for witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts
19 07 1692 Five Massachusetts women executed for witchcraft
22 09 1692 Two men and seven women were executed for witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts. One was pressed to death for standing mute while the others were hung
06 02 1693 William and Mary becomes second college in the colonies
08 02 1693 Charter granted for College of William & Mary, 2nd college in US
04 08 1693 Champagne was invented by Dom Perignon
20 02 1694 Voltaire, the French philosopher was born
27 07 1694 The bank of England is incorporated
21 11 1694 Francois Marie Arouet Voltaire was born 21 11 1694 Voltaire, thinker
08 12 1694 Scaramouche died
1695 Freedom of the press comes to England. Censorship abolished
1696 Board of Trade takes over administration of the colonies
1696 Habeas Corpus Act suspended in England
14 05 1696 Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, inventor of thermometer, was born
1697 Penn proposes a Plan of Union for the English Colonies in America
10 11 1697 William Hogarth, artist, was born
16 02 1698 Pierre Bouguer, founder of photometry, was born
05 09 1698 Russia's Peter the Great imposed a tax on beards
1699 Cahokia and Biloxi founded
1699 Woolens Act 05 11 1699 Lemuel Gulliver arrives in Lilliput
07 02 1700 Philippe Buache, geographer, devised contour lines for maps
01 05 1700 John Dryden, the poet, died
1776 Christmas present for Washington at Trenton: 918 German prisoners
1776 Common Sense written by Thomas Paine
1776 Declaration of Independence drafted by Tom Jefferson, with John Adams
1776 General Court of Massachusetts fires Governor, requests he leave
10 01 1776 Thomas Paine publishes "Common Sense"
10 02 1776 Washington writes from Charleston, "Without men, without arms, without ammunition, there is little to be done."
03 03 1776 The Marines make their first amphibious landing
07 06 1776 Richard Henry Lee of Virginia proposed to the Continental Congress a resolution calling for a Declaration of Independence
11 06 1776 John Constable, landscape painter, was born
11 06 1776 The Continental Congress formed a committee to draft a Declaration of Independence from Britain
12 06 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights; written by George Mason
12 06 1776 Virginia's Colonial legislature; first to adopt a Bill of Rights
29 06 1776 Mission Dolores founded by San Francisco Bay
29 06 1776 Virginia State Constitution adopted, will be model for all states
02 07 1776 Continental Congress passed a resolution saying "These United Colonies are, and of right, out to be, free and independent states"
04 07 1776 Cloudy, 76 degrees F (Philadelphia, PA)
04 07 1776 Declaration of Independence signed in Philadelphia PA
04 07 1776 New York abstains on Declaration of Independence vote
08 07 1776 First public reading, Declaration of Independence
14 07 1776 George Washington refuses a letter from Gen. Howe addressed to George Washington Esq. rather than General Washington
29 07 1776 Dominguez-Escalante expedition begins
25 08 1776 David Hume, philosopher, died
09 09 1776 Continental Congress decrees that United Colonies be called United States
15 09 1776 New York was taken by General Howe
17 09 1776 the Presidio of San Francisco was founded as Spanish fort
22 09 1776 Captain Nathan Hale was captured by the British on Long Island. He was denied a clergyman and hung. His last words were, "I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country."
22 09 1776 Nathan Hale regrets having "but one life to lose"
09 10 1776 Mission Delores founded
14 11 1776 Henri Dutrochet, discovered & named process of osmosis
05 12 1776 Phi Beta Kappa founded at William and Mary becoming the first US scholastic fraternity
19 12 1776 Thomas Paine publishes his first "American Crisis" essay in which he wrote, "These are the times that try men's souls."
23 12 1776 Tom Paine publishes "Crisis"
25 12 1776 Washington crosses the Delaware and surprises the Hessians
26 12 1776 George Washington defeats the Hessians at Trenton
1777 Congress adopts the American flag with thirteen stars and stripes
1777 General Gates defeats General Burgoyne at Saratoga, NY
1777 Washington's Continental Army winters at Valley Forge
02 01 1777 Dominguez-Escalante expedition of the South West ends in Santa Fe, NM
12 04 1777 Henry Clay, 'The Great Compromiser'
30 04 1777 Karl Friedrich Gauss, mathematician and astronomer, was born
14 06 1777 Stars and Stripes adopted as US flag, replacing Grand Union flag
31 07 1777 Marquis de Lafayette, a 19 yeare old French nobleman, was made a major general in the Continental army
11 09 1777 Americans defeated at Brandywine, Pennsylvania by General Howe
27 09 1777 William Howe occupies Philadelphia
04 10 1777 George Washington was defeated at Germantown, Pennsylvania
09 12 1777 A charter was drafted whereby the French government would operate pawn shops
19 12 1777 Washington settles his troops at Valley Forge for the winter
1778 Englishman Capt. James Cook explores west coast of North America
1778 France declares war on England, becomes ally of America
18 01 1778 Captain Cook sights Hawaii which he dubs the Sandwich Islands
26 01 1778 Sydney Australia settled
06 02 1778 Britain declares war on France
06 02 1778 The United States wins official recognition from France with the signing of two treaties in Paris
14 02 1778 The US ship Ranger takes the recently adopted Stars and Stripes to a foreign port for the first time as it arrived in France
01 04 1778 Oliver Pollock, a New Orleans Businessman, creates the "
07 06 1778 Beau Brummel, English Dandy
07 06 1778 George Bryan "Beau" Brummel, English dandy, gambler, friend of royalty, born
17 06 1778 British peace offer rejected by Congress
19 06 1778 Washington's troops finally leave Valley Forge
28 06 1778 Battle of Monmouth during the Revolutionary War
14 09 1778 Benjamin Franklin sent to France as American minister
11 11 1778 Indians led by William Butler massacre the inhabitants of Cherry Valley in New York
26 11 1778 Captain Cook discovers Maui (in the Sandwich Islands)
17 12 1778 Sir Humphrey Davy, discovered several chemical elements
1779 British surrender to Americans at Vincennes
1779 Captain Cook explores Sandwich Islands until Hawaiians murder him
1779 John Paul Jones, in Bon Homme Richard, defeats Pearson, in Serapis
05 01 1779 Stephen Decatur, early American Naval hero
05 01 1779 Zebulon Pike, the explorer, was born
18 01 1779 Peter Roget, of Thesaurus fame, invented Slide Rule, pocket chessboard
15 07 1779 Clement Clarke Moore, author of "A Visit from Saint Nicholas", was born
01 08 1779 Francis Scott Key, wrote the 'Star-Spangled Banner', was born
23 09 1779 Naval engagement between 'Bonhomme Richard' and 'HMS Serepis'
1780 Benedict Arnold attempts to betray West Point
1780 Death of John Logan, Cayuga Indian Chief. Who will mourn for Logan?
29 08 1780 Jean Ingres, the artist, was born
23 09 1780 John Andre reveals Benedict Arnold's plot to betray West Point
17 10 1780 Richard Mentor Johnson born, 9th V.P. of U.S
1781 Articles of Confederation go into effect; were drafted in 1777
1781 Cornwallis surrenders to Washington and the allies at Yorktown, VA
01 03 1781 the Articles of Confederation adopted by Continental Congress
13 03 1781 William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus by accident while studying the constellation Gemini
09 06 1781 George Stephenson, principal inventor of the railroad locomotive
04 09 1781 Los Angeles founded in the Valley of Smokes (Indian Name)
05 09 1781 Battle of Virginia Capes, where the French Fleet defeats the British rescue fleet, trapping Cornwallis at Yorktown
28 09 1781 American forces backed by a French fleet begin their siege of Yorktown Heights, Virgina
30 09 1781 The Siege of Yorktown, Virginia, begins
19 10 1781 General Cornwallis and 7000 of his men surrender at Yorktown
05 11 1781 John Hanson elected 1st 'President of the United States in Congress assembled' (8 years before Washington was elected)
1782 Ninety-six Moravian Christian Indians massacred at Gnaddenhutton, OH
18 01 1782 Daniel Webster, early American orator and politician
18 03 1782 John C. Calhoun, statesman 20 06 1782 Congress adopts the "Great Seal of the United States"
20 06 1782 The United States chooses the Eagle as its symbol
01 07 1782 lifting of proscription against wearing of tartans in Scotland
07 08 1782 George Washington created the Order of the Purple Heart
16 09 1782 Great Seal of the United States was used for 1st time
30 11 1782 The United States and Britain sign preliminary peace treaty to end the Revolutionary War
05 12 1782 First US President born in "The United States" was Van Buren
05 12 1782 Martin Van Buren, 8th President (1837-1841)
1783 First daily newspaper was Pennsylvania Evening Post
03 04 1783 Washington Irving born
05 06 1783 The Montgolfiers make first ascent in hot air balloon. It lasts 10 minutes
24 07 1783 Simon Bolivar, freed 6 Latin American republics from Spanish rule
07 08 1783 John Heathcoat, invented lace-making machinery
03 09 1783 England and the United States sign the treaty of Paris declaring US independence and ending the Revolutionary War
02 11 1783 Two Frenchmen make the first free hot air balloon flight
21 11 1783 J. de Rozier makes first balloon flight
04 12 1783 Gen. Washington bids his officers farewell at Fraunce's Tavern, NYC
23 12 1783 George Washington resigns as commander-in-chief of the army and retires to his home at Mount Vernon, Va
1784 Benjamin Franklin invents bifocals
1784 Taylor, 12th President, born; died 1850
1784 Treaty of Ft. Stanwix; Iroquois cede rights north and west of Ohio R
14 01 1784 the Revolutionary War forly ends
14 08 1784 The first Russian settlement was established in Alaska on Kodiak Island
21 09 1784 1st daily newspaper in US begins publication in Pennsylvania
24 11 1784 Zachary Taylor, 12th President (1849-1850)
07 01 1785 1st balloon flight across the English Channel 26 04 1785 John J. Audubon, American ornithologist and artist, was born in Haiti
19 08 1785 Seth Thomas, pioneer in mass production of clocks
23 08 1785 Oliver Hazard Perry, U.S. Naval hero, was born in Rhode Island
1786 Shays's Rebellion in Massachusetts forcibly closes court systems
08 01 1786 Nicholas Biddle, made 2nd Bank of US 1st effective central bank
26 02 1786 Dominique Francois Jean Arago born, first observer of "Poisson's spot". cf. June 21
08 05 1786 Thomas Hancock, founded British rubber industry
08 06 1786 1st commercially-made ice cream sold in New York
08 06 1786 first ad for ice cream
08 08 1786 The silver dollar and the deci system of money adopted by Congress
17 08 1786 Davy Crockett, American folk hero, was born
14 09 1786 Annapolis Convention concludes, suggests Phila convention
1787 Federalist Papers begin publication in newspapers
1787 United States Constitution framed, sent to Congress and states
11 01 1787 Uranian moons Titania and Oberon discovered by William Herschel
06 03 1787 Josephvon Fraunhaufer born
08 03 1787 Karl Ferdinand von Grafe, helped create modern plastic surgery
25 05 1787 Constitutional Convention convenes in Philadelphia
25 05 1787 Constitutional Convention opened
13 07 1787 Northwest Ordinance adopted by Continental Congress
22 08 1787 John Fitch's steamboat completes its tests, years before Fulton builds his steamboat
17 09 1787 Constitutional Convention concluded business
17 09 1787 US Constitution was adopted
27 10 1787 The 'Federalist' letters started appearing in NY newspapers
21 11 1787 Sir Samuel Cunard, founded 1st regular Atlantic steamship line
07 12 1787 Delaware was the first state to ratify the Constitution
12 12 1787 Pennsylvania becomes the 2nd state
18 12 1787 New Jersey becomes the 3rd state by ratifying the Constitution
1788 First settlement in Ohio was Marietta, named for Marie Antoinette
1788 New Hampshire was 9th state to ratify Constitution. It is now the law
02 01 1788 Georgia becomes the 4th state
09 01 1788 Connecticut becomes the 5th state
22 01 1788 Lord Byron, poet, lover, revolutionary, was born
26 01 1788 1st settlement established by the English in Australia
28 01 1788 The first penal colony in Australia was founded at Botany Bay
05 02 1788 Sir Robert Peel, Prime Minister, founder of London Police force, was born
06 02 1788 Massachusetts becomes the 6th state
28 04 1788 Maryland becomes the 7th state
10 05 1788 Augustin-Jean Fresnel, pioneered in optics
23 05 1788 South Carolina becomes the 8th state
21 06 1788 In a 57 to 46 vote the U.S. Constitution comes into force as New Hampshire votes to ratify the Constitution
21 06 1788 New Hampshire becomes the 9th state
25 06 1788 Virginia becomes the 10th state
26 07 1788 New York becomes the 11th state
02 09 1788 Thomas Gainsborough, artist, portrait painter, died
13 09 1788 British defeat the French at Abraham near Québec City
13 09 1788 New York City becomes the capitol of the United States
1789 George Washington & John Adams elected as first President & VP
1789 Mackenzie reaches Arctic Ocean via Mackenzie River in W. Canada
1789 Mutiny on the H.M.S. Bounty; survivors establish Pitcairn Is. colony
1789 The Judiciary Act specifies numbers of Federal courts and judges
04 03 1789 Congress declares the Constitution to be in effect
04 03 1789 First meeting of Congress, in N.Y.C
28 04 1789 The crew of the H.M.S Bounty mutiny
30 04 1789 George Washington inaugurated as 1st president of the US
14 07 1789 French Revolution. Bastille falls
14 07 1789 The Bastille was stormed in Paris, the French revolution begins
26 08 1789 French Revolution. Declaration of Rights 28 08 1789 Saturnian moon Enceladus discovered by William Herschel
02 09 1789 US Treasury Department established by Congress
07 09 1789 James Fenimore Cooper born in Burlington, NJ
11 09 1789 Alexander Hamilton was appointed the 1st U.S. sec. of the Treasury
15 09 1789 James Fenimore Cooper, 1st major American novelist
15 09 1789 The U.S. Foreign Affairs Department becomes the U.S. State Department
15 09 1789, The U.S. Government adopts the "Great Seal of the United States", taking it from Congress and placing it in the custody of the Secretary of State
24 09 1789 Congress creates the Post Office
24 09 1789 Congress passes the First Judiciary Act which provides for an Attorney General and a Supreme Court
25 09 1789 The first session of the first Congress of the United States met in New York and voted 10 amendments to the constitution (the Bill of Rights)
26 09 1789 Thomas Jefferson was appointed America's first secretary of State
29 09 1789 The U.S. War Department establishes a regular army of several hundred soldiers
03 10 1789 Washington proclaims the 1st national Thanksgiving Day on Nov 26
02 11 1789 All church land was nationalized in France and later used as collateral for paper money
13 11 1789 Benjamin Franklin wrote to a friend, "In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes."
18 11 1789 Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre, developed a method of photography
20 11 1789 New Jersey became the first state to ratify the Bill of Rights
21 11 1789 North Carolina becomes the 12th state
26 11 1789 A day of thanksgiving was set aside by President Washington to observe the adoption of the Constitution of the United States
1790 First national census finds 3,929,214 persons eligible to be counted
1790 Supreme Court meets for the first time; John Jay was Chief Justice
1790 Tyler, 10th President, born; died 1862
29 03 1790 John Tyler, 10th President (1841-1845)
17 04 1790 Death of Benjamin Franklin
29 05 1790 Rhode Island becomes the 13rd state
16 07 1790 Congress establishes the District of Columbia
31 07 1790 1st US Patent granted (for a potash process)
01 08 1790 first US census completed showing nearly 4 million people live in the 13 states
04 08 1790 United States Coast Guard founded
10 08 1790 Columbia became the 1st American ship to sail around the globe
17 11 1790 August Mobius, the mathematician, was born
23 12 1790 Jean-Francois Champollion, deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphics
1791 Federal capital to be established in swamplands on the Potomac
1791 First ten Amendments are Bill of Rights that go into effect this year
1791 John Carroll of Baltimore made first Roman Catholic Bishop in USA
1791 NWT Governor Arthur St. Clair soundly defeated by Indians near Ft. Wayne
03 03 1791 Congress passed a resolution ordering U.S. Mint be established
04 03 1791 Vermont becomes the 14th state
12 04 1791 Francis P. Blair, helped found the Republican Party
23 04 1791 James Buchanan, 15th President (1857-1861)
27 04 1791 Samuel F. B. Morse 26 08 1791 John Fitch granted a US patent for his working steamboat
22 09 1791 Michael Faraday, discovered principle of the electric motor
05 12 1791 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died
15 12 1791 Bill of Rights ratified when Virginia gave its approval
17 12 1791 New York City traffic regulation creates the 1st one-way street
26 12 1791 Charles Babbage, Victorian computer architect
26 12 1791 Charles Babbage, credited with designing the first computer, was born

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1843 McKinley, 25th President (5th from Ohio), born; died 1901
11 01 1843 Francis Scott Key, the author of "Star Spangled Banner", died
29 01 1843 William McKinley, 25th President (1897-1901)
28 05 1843 Noah Webster, lexicographer and teacher, died
15 06 1843 Edward (Edvard Hagerup) Grieg born in Bergen, Norway
17 06 1843 The Maori uprisings in New Zealand against the British
19 07 1843 Edgar Degas, Impressionist painter, was born
13 10 1843 The Jewish organization B'nai B'rith was founded in New York
19 12 1843 "A Christmas Carol" by Charles Dickens was first published
1844 Samuel F. B. Morse opens telegraphic link between Baltimore and D.C
17 02 1844 A. Montgomery Ward, found mail-order a nice business
27 02 1844 Dominican Republic gains its independence
06 03 1844 Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov, the composer, was born in Russia
16 04 1844 Anatole France, French author, was born
24 05 1844 Samual F.B. Morse taps out "What Hath God Wrought"
04 06 1844 The last Great Auk, a flightless sea bird of the North, was tragically clubbed to death
06 06 1844 The Young Men's Christian Association was founded in London
27 06 1844 Joseph Smith, founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (The Mormons), and his brother Hyrum, are killed by a mob
22 07 1844 Rev. William Archibald Spooner, invented 'spoonerisms'
25 07 1844 Thomas Eakins, American realist painter, was born
27 07 1844 John Dalton, English chemist and physicist, died
06 08 1844 The French war with Morocco begins
11 10 1844 Henry John Heinz, founded a prepared-foods company
15 10 1844 Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, German philologist and philosopher, was born
22 10 1844 Sarah Bernhardt, "the divine Sarah" French actress, was born Rosine Bernard, in Paris
22 10 1844 The Great Disappointment. The Millerites, a popular religous sect of the era, predict the second coming will happen on this day and are very disappointed
1845 Texas was annexed; war with Mexico follows
1845 US Naval Academy opens at Annapolis, MD
03 03 1845 Florida becomes the 27th state
05 03 1845 Congress appropriates 30,000 to ship camels to western US
11 03 1845 John Chapman ("Johnny Appleseed") died
17 03 1845 Rubber bands are invented
27 03 1845 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen born, discoverer of X-rays
12 05 1845 Gabriel Faure, composer
20 05 1845 1st legislative assembly convenes in Hawaii
04 07 1845 Thoreau moves into his shack on Walden Pond
17 07 1845 Charles, Earl Grey, Whig statesman and Prime Minister, died
31 07 1845 Saxophone (invented five years earlier) introduced into French military bands
23 09 1845 New York Knickerbockers becomes first U.S. Baseball club
16 10 1845 audience in Boston walks out on Poe during his reading of the "The Raven"
19 10 1845 Wagner's opera 'Tannhauser' was performed for first time
27 12 1845 Ether first used as anesthetic in childbirth
29 12 1845 Texas becomes the 28th state
1846 Large crack in Liberty Bell gets too bad to permit ringing any more
1846 Potato famine in Ireland. Many flee to America for survival
26 02 1846 Buffalo Bill Cody, frontiersman and impresario, was born
26 02 1846 William "Buffalo Bill" Cody
08 05 1846 First major battle of the Mexican War fought at Palo Alto, Texas resulting in victory for the US forces of General Zachary Taylor
13 05 1846 The U.S. declares war on Mexico
21 05 1846 1st steamship arrives in Hawaii
14 06 1846 California (Bear Flag) Republic proclaimed in Sonoma
23 06 1846 George Sax, inventor of the saxophone
09 07 1846 Capt Montgomery claims Yerba Buena (San Francisco) for the U.S
08 08 1846 the Smithsonian Institution was founded in Washington D.C
14 08 1846 Henry David Thoreau jailed for tax resistance
22 08 1846 The United States annexes New Mexico
24 08 1846 Monterey taken from Mexico by U.S. forces
26 08 1846 W. A. Bartlett appointed 1st US mayor of Yerba Buena (SF)
10 09 1846 Elias Howe receives patent for his sewing machine
12 09 1846 Elizabeth Barrett secretly weds Robert Browning at St. Marylebone Parish Church
19 09 1846 Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning run off to Paris together
23 09 1846 The planet Neptune was first observed by Dr. Galie of Berlin based on calculations of gravitational enfluence on Uranus by John Couch Adams of Cambridge and Urbain Le Verrier of Paris
30 09 1846 The first tooth was extracted under anesthesia in Charleston, Mass
06 10 1846 George Westinghouse, responsible for alternating current in US
10 10 1846 Neptunian moon Triton discovered by William Lassel
24 10 1846 Uranian moons Ariel and Umbriel discovered by Lassel
28 10 1846 Auguste Escoffier, "the king of chefs & the chef of kings"
25 11 1846 Carry Nation, scrouge of barkeepers and drinkers
29 11 1846 Doctors Jackson and Martin of Boston publish a paper extolling the use of ether in surgery
28 12 1846 Iowa becomes the 29th state
1847 American troops fight their way into the Halls of Montezuma in Mexico
1847 Brigham Young leads his followers into Salt Lake City, UT area
09 01 1847 1st San Francisco paper, 'California Star', published
30 01 1847 Yerba Buena renamed San Francisco
11 02 1847 Thomas Alva Edison born in Milan, OH; died in 1931
11 02 1847 Thomas Edison, the inventor and holder of over 1000 patents, was born
10 03 1847 First money minted in Hawaii
10 04 1847 Joseph Pulitzer, the journalist and philanthropist, was born
11 06 1847 Dame Millicent Garrett Fawcett, leader of English women's movement
14 06 1847 Bunson invents a gas burner
22 06 1847 the doughnut was invented
01 07 1847 First adhesive postage stamp
09 07 1847 10-hour working day set by law, New Hampshire
24 07 1847 Brigham Young reaches the site of Salt Lake City
26 07 1847 Liberia gains its independence
05 09 1847 Jesse James, credited with inventing the train robbery, was born
06 09 1847 Thoreau leaves Walden Pond
10 09 1847 1st theater opens in Hawaii
14 09 1847 General Winfield Scott and his U.S. forces take control of Mexico City
04 11 1847 Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (Felix Mendelssohn), the composer, died in Leipzig
1848 Cornerstone laid for the Washington Monument
1848 John Quincy Adams, 6th US President died
1848 Treaty of 1848 gets CA, NM, AZ, NV UT, parts of CO and WY for the Union
09 01 1848 1st commercial bank in San Francisco established
09 01 1848 Astronomer Caroline Herschel, publisher of "Herschel's Catalog of Stars" and sister of William, died at 97
24 01 1848 Gold discovered in California at Sutter's Mill
29 01 1848 Greenwich Mean Time was adopted by Scotland
02 02 1848 1st shipload of Chinese arrive in San Francisco
02 02 1848 Mexico sells US Texas, California, New Mexico & Arizona
14 02 1848 James Polk becomes the first president to be photographed while in office. He posed for Matthew Brady
18 02 1848 Louis Comfort Tiffany, glassmaker
01 03 1848 Augustus Saint-Gaudens, US sculptor, designed 1907 20 gold piece
07 03 1848 in Hawaii, the Great Mahele (division of lands) was signed
29 03 1848 Ice jam caused Niagara Falls to dry up 03 04 1848 Thomas Douglas becomes 1st San Francisco public teacher
29 05 1848 Wisconsin becomes the 30th state
07 06 1848 (Eugene Henri) Paul Gauguin, French painter who lived in Tahiti, born
04 07 1848 corner stone of Washington monument was laid by President Polk
18 07 1848 William Gilbert Grace, Victorian England's greatest cricketer
19 07 1848 First Women's Rights Convention. Seneca Falls, NY
03 08 1848 Women's rights convention held in Rochester, New York demanding suffrage and property rights
14 08 1848 The Oregon Territory was established
13 09 1848 first lobotomy performed
19 09 1848 Saturnian moon Hyperion discovered
20 09 1848 First meeting of American Association for the Advancement of Science
09 11 1848 Post Office at Clay & Pike opens
09 12 1848 Joel Chandler Harris, author of "Uncle Remus", was born
1849 Eastern Michigan University founded
1849 There's G O L D in them thar hills! Invasion of California begins
13 02 1849 Randolph Churchill, English politician and father of Winston Churchill, was born
18 02 1849 1st regular steamboat service to California started with the arrival of the "California"
28 02 1849 1st steamship enters San Francisco Bay
03 03 1849 David Atchison, president pro tempore of the senate, was president for one day since Taylor won't take office on a Sunday
03 03 1849 Gold Coinage Act passed, allowing gold coins to be minted
07 03 1849 Luther Burbank, plant breeder
31 03 1849 Col. John W. Geary arrives as 1st postmaster of San Francisco
19 05 1849 Attempted assassination of Queen Victoria by William Hamilton
05 06 1849 Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy
22 06 1849 Stephen C. Massett opens at courthouse as 1st professional entertainer, using the (allegedly) only piano in California
12 07 1849 Dolly Madison, wife of James Madison, died. She was known for her social skills as hostess of the white house
22 07 1849 Emma Lazarus, whose poem was inscribed on the Statue of Liberty
28 07 1849 "Memmon" was 1st clipper to reach San Francisco, 120 days out of NY
01 09 1849 California Constitutional Convention held in Monterey
19 09 1849 1st commercial laundry established, in Oakland, California
07 10 1849 Edgar Allen Poe, mystery and horror writer, died
17 10 1849 Frederic Francois Chopin, Polish master of short piano composition, died of tuberculosis
13 11 1849 Peter Burnett was elected 1st governor of California
29 11 1849 Sir Ambrose Fleming, inventor of the diode
18 12 1849 William Bond takes the first picture of the moon through a telescope
19 12 1849 Henry Clay Frick, industrialist; worked for Carnegie
22 12 1849 Dostoyevsky, Russian author, sentenced to die at age 27 but lives until 1881
05 01 1850 the California Exchange opens
22 01 1850 The Alta California becomes a daily paper, 1st such in Calif
27 01 1850 Samuel Gompers, 1st president of the American Federation of Labor
29 01 1850 Lawrence Hargrave, invented the box kite 18 02 1850 Legislature creates the 9 Bay Area counties
12 03 1850 1st 20 Gold piece issued
18 03 1850 American Express founded
01 04 1850 San Francisco County Government established
15 04 1850 City of San Francisco incorporated
23 04 1850 William Wordswoth, poet, died near Grasmere, Westmorland
09 05 1850 Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, the chemist, died
11 05 1850 Work starts on 1st brick building in San Francisco
18 05 1850 Oliver Heaviside, physicist, was born
04 06 1850 Empire Engine Company No. 1 organized
14 06 1850 Fire destroys part of San Francisco
01 07 1850 at least 626 ships lying at anchor around San Francisco Bay
09 07 1850 Zachary Taylor, U.S. president and general in Indian and Mexican Wars, died
14 07 1850 1st public demonstration of ice made by refrigeration
17 07 1850 First photograph of a star (Vega)
05 08 1850 Guy de Maupassant was born
30 08 1850 Honolulu, Hawaii becomes a city
31 08 1850 The California Pioneers organized at Montgomery & Clay Streets
09 09 1850 California becomes the 31st state
18 09 1850 Fugitive Slave Act
28 09 1850 flogging was abolished as a form of punishment in the U.S. Navy
17 10 1850 Knickerbocker Engine Co. Number 5 organized
06 11 1850 1st fire engine arrives in Hawaii
06 11 1850 Yerba Buena & Angel Islands reserved for military use
13 11 1850 Robert Louis Stevenson, author of Treasure Island and Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, born in Edinburgh
20 12 1850 Hawaiian post office established
22 12 1850 Hawaiian Post Office established
27 12 1850 Hawaiian Fire Department established
1851 Isaac Singer granted a patent for his sewing machine
27 01 1851 John James Audubon, naturalist and painter, died
31 01 1851 San Francisco Orphan's Asylum, 1st in California, founded
03 03 1851 Congress authorizes slest US silver coin, the 3-cent piece
03 05 1851 San Francisco was almost entirely destroyed by fire for the 7th time in its 4 years of existence
04 05 1851 1st of the major San Francisco fires
06 05 1851 Chamber of Commerce of San Francisco starts
06 05 1851 Patent granted to Dr. John Farrie for a "refrigeration machine"
01 06 1851 Maine became the first state to enact a law prohibiting alcohol
09 06 1851 the San Francisco Committee of Vigilence forms
12 06 1851 Victor Hugo fined and imprisoned for writing an article condemning capital punishment
22 06 1851 Fire destroys part of San Francisco
20 07 1851 a bridge near Moscow gives way under a procession of 200 Waldimar monks drowning
158 24 07 1851 British Window Tax was abolished
28 07 1851 First photograph of total solar eclipse
12 08 1851 Issac Singer granted a patent for his sewing machine
22 08 1851 the yacht America wins in race against 14 yachts of England in the first America Cup sailing race
13 09 1851 Walter Reed, American physician and army surgeon, was born
18 09 1851 "The New York Times" goes on sale, at 2 cents a copy
01 10 1851 1st Hawaiian stamps issued
02 10 1851 Ferdinand Foch, believed to be the leader responsible for Allies winning World War I
06 11 1851 Charles Henry Dow, founded Dow Jones & Co
13 11 1851 London-Paris Telegraph was opened
14 11 1851 "Moby Dick", by Herman Melville, was published
10 12 1851 Melvil Dewey, created the Dewey Deci System for libraries
19 12 1851 William Turner, the artist known for was brilliant impressionistic skies, died
24 12 1851 Part of the capitol building and the whole Library of Congress destroyed by fire
03 01 1852 first Chinese arrive in Hawaii
26 02 1852 John Harvey Kellogg, physician, inspired the flaked cereal industry
13 04 1852 F.W. Woolworth, the "five-and-ten" king
19 04 1852 California Historical Society founded
21 06 1852 Friedrich Froebel, educator and developer of the idea of the kindergarten, died
23 07 1852 first interment in US National Cemetary at Presidio
01 08 1852 Black Methodists in SF establish 1st black church, Zion Methodist
23 09 1852 William Stewart Halsted, established 1st surgical school in US
24 09 1852 a new invention, the dirigible, was demonstrated
24 10 1852 fictitious person John Doe officially put to death to end the use of the name to hide the names of real or imagined witnesses in English courts
23 11 1852 Just past midnight, a sharp jolt causes Lake Merced to drop 30 feet
27 11 1852 Ada Byron (Countess of Lovelace) only child of Lord and Lady Byron died
02 12 1852 The Second Empire proclaimed in France with Napoleon III as emperor
17 12 1852 first Hawaiian cavalry organized
1853 Cincinnati was first city to pay firefighters a salary
1853 Gadsden Purchase brings some Mexican territory into USA
19 01 1853 Premiere of Verdi's opera Il Trovatore in Rome
30 03 1853 Patent granted to Hyman Lipman for a pencil with an ERASER
30 03 1853 Vincent Van Gogh, painter, born in the Netherlands
17 04 1853 US Marine Hospital at the Presidio established
14 05 1853 Gail Borden applies for patent for making condensed milk
05 07 1853 Henry Rhodes, statesman, born
14 07 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry opens trade routes with Japan
14 07 1853 Commodore Perry requests trade relations with the Japanese
11 09 1853 1st electric telegraph in use, Merchant's Exchange to Pt Lobos
24 09 1853 1st round-the-world trip by yacht (Cornelius Vanderbilt)
24 09 1853 Henri Giffard, French mechanic, flys the first dirigible from Paris to Trappe
04 10 1853 Crimean war begins 06 10 1853 Antioch College was the first public school to admit both men and women
19 10 1853 1st flour mill in Hawaii begins operations
17 11 1853 Street signs authorized at San Francisco intersections
16 12 1853 Santa Anna was declared dictator of Mexico
30 12 1853 Gadsden Purchase signed
1854 George Boole writes on theories of logic and probabilities
1854 Kansas - Nebraska Act. Provides springboard for Abe Lincoln
1854 War between Cleveland and Ohio City settled by annexation of latter
06 01 1854 Sherlock Holmes was born
13 01 1854 Anthony Foss obtains patent for the Accordion
18 01 1854 Thomas A. Watson, needed by Bell
11 02 1854 Major streets lit by coal gas for 1st time
28 02 1854 Republican Party formed in Ripon, WI under John Fremont
31 03 1854 Sir Dugald Clerk, inventor of the 2-stroke motorcycle engine
31 03 1854 The first U.S. treaty with Japan
10 04 1854 Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry born
29 04 1854 Jules Henri Poincare, founder of topology, was born
15 05 1854 Asylum for Inebriates founded, Binghamton NY
27 05 1854 Marine Telegraph from Fort Point to San Francisco completed
13 06 1854 Sir Charles Parsons, engineer and inventor of the steam turbine, was born
29 06 1854 Congress ratifies Gadsden Purchase, adds parts of New Mexico, Arizona
06 07 1854 The Republican Pary came into being at a convention in Jackson, MI
12 07 1854 George Eastman, inventor, was born in Waterville, New York
15 10 1854 Florence Nightingale was solicited to organize nurses in Crimea
16 10 1854 Oscar Wilde (Fingal O'Flahertie Wills), author, born in Dublin
20 10 1854 Jean Nicholas Arthur Rimbaud, French poet, was born
25 10 1854 Charge of the Light Brigade took place in the Battle of Balaklava in the Crimean War
02 11 1854 Cobblestone paving of Washington St between Dupont & Kearny starts
04 11 1854 Lighthouse established on Alcatraz Island
06 11 1854 John Philip Sousa, band leader and composer, was born in Washington D.C
1855 Longfellow uses name of real Six Nation's hero Hiawatha in mythical poem
1855 Soo Canal opens upper Great Lakes to commercial navigation
05 01 1855 King Camp Gillette, inventor of the safety razor
28 01 1855 William Burroughs, Founder of Burroughs Computer Corp
28 01 1855 William Seward Burroughs, invented recording adding machine
31 03 1855 Charlotte Bronte, eldest of the Bronte sisters, author of Jane Eyre, died
20 06 1855 Commissioners appointed to lay out streets west of Larkin
29 06 1855 The London Telegraph was published for the first time
08 07 1855 Admiral Parry, the Arctic explorer, died
11 09 1855 Sebastopol was taken by Allies after capitulation of the Russian forces
26 10 1855 Charles Post, who had a way with breakfast cereals
05 11 1855 Eugene Victor Debs, American labor organizer and socialist, was born
1856 Cocaine extracted from cocoa leaves, but has no legitimate use (ever!)
1856 Western Union Telegraph Co. established in Cleveland
1856 Wilson, 28th President, born; died 1924
29 01 1856 The Victoria Cross was instituted by Queen Victoria
17 02 1856 Frederick Eugene Ives, inventor, pioneer of halftone photoengraving process and color photography, was born
05 03 1856 Covent Garden Theater was destroyed by fire
20 03 1856 Frederick Winslow Taylor, father of scientific management
05 04 1856 Booker T. Washington 21 04 1856 the first train crosses the Mississippi river
06 05 1856 Sigmund Freud, Austrian psychologist, was born
13 05 1856 Peter Henry Emerson, first photographer to promote photography as an independent art
15 05 1856 2nd San Francisco Vigilance Committee organized
15 05 1856 Lyman Frank Baum, creator of the Wizard of Oz, was born
22 06 1856 H. Rider Haggard, English novelist, author of "King Solomon's Mines", was born
26 07 1856 George Bernard Shaw born 19 08 1856 Gail Borden patents condensed milk
03 09 1856 Louis Sullivan, father of modern US architecture
13 11 1856 Justice Louis Brandeis
28 12 1856 Woodrow Wilson, 28th President (1912-1921)
1857 Taft, 27th President (7th from Ohio), born; died 1930
1857 Transatlantic cable begins; used briefly in 1858. Replaced in 1866
24 02 1857 Los Angeles Vineyard Society organized
06 03 1857 Dred Scott decision handed down by Supreme Court
18 04 1857 Clarence Darrow, lawyer
29 04 1857 Headquarters for the US Army, division of the Pacific, permanently established at the Presidio
30 04 1857 founding of what would be San Jose State University
02 06 1857 Sir Edward Elgar, English composer, born in Worcester, England
15 06 1857 San Francisco Water Works organized
27 06 1857 British soldiers and others massacred at Cawnpore, India
10 09 1857 Mormons, embittered by religious persecution, attack and kill Gentile wagon train in what was to become known as the Mountain Meadows Massacre
15 09 1857 William Howard Taft, 27th President (1909-1913)
16 09 1857 Patent was issued for the typesetting machine
14 10 1857 Elwood Haynes, auto pioneer, built one of the first US autos
05 11 1857 Ida Tarbell, muckraker (Standard Oil was VERY unhappy)
03 12 1857 Joseph Conrad, author of "Lord Jim", was born
1858 Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President, born; died 1919
18 03 1858 Rudolf Diesel, invented an engine
11 05 1858 Minnesota became the 32nd state of the Union
15 05 1858 The Royal Opera house, Covent Garden, opened in London
02 06 1858 the Donati Comet 1st seen, named after its discoverer
29 06 1858 George Washington Goethals, engineer who built the Panama Canal
26 07 1858 Baron Rothschild becomes the first Jew to be admitted to the British Parliament
29 07 1858 1st commercial treaty between US and Japan was signed
03 08 1858 Lake Victoria was discovered by Captain Speke
17 08 1858 1st bank in Hawaii opens
21 08 1858 first of the Lincoln/Douglas debates
08 09 1858 Lincoln makes a speech about when you can fool people
15 10 1858 John L. Sullivan, famed pugelist
27 10 1858 RH Macy & Co. opens 1st store, on 6th Avenue, New York City
27 10 1858 Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President (1901-1909)
17 11 1858 0h on this day was the epoch for the Modified Julian Date (MJD)
22 12 1858 Giacomo Puccini, composer of "La Boheme", and "Madame Butterfly", was born
1859 Abolitionist John Brown leads assault on armory at Harper's Ferry
1859 Colonel Robert E. Lee, US Army, commands troops at Harpers Ferry
1859 Drake puts down first oil well in USA., Titusville, PA
28 01 1859 Seth Thomas, American clock maker, died
14 02 1859 Oregon, the Beaver State, becomes the 33rd state
01 03 1859 Present seal of San Francisco adopted (2nd seal for city)
08 03 1859 Kenneth Grahame, author of "Wind in the Willows", was born in Edinburgh
12 04 1859 Hibernia Savings & Loan Society of San Francisco incorporated
25 04 1859 Ground broken for the Suez Canal
15 05 1859 Pierre Curie, physicist and chemist, was born
22 05 1859 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author and creator of Sherlock Holmes, was born
20 07 1859 admission fee 1st charged to see a baseball game (50 cents)
27 08 1859 1st successful oil well drilled near Titusville, Penn
01 09 1859 Joshua A. Norton proclaims himself Emperor Norton I
02 09 1859 gas lighting introduced to Hawaii
19 09 1859 The song "Dixie" was first sung by its composer, a blackfaced minstrel singer, Daniel Decatur Emmett
20 09 1859 Patent granted on the electric range
16 10 1859 John Brown attacks the armory at Harper's Ferry
18 10 1859 The raid on Harper's Ferry was led by John Brown
23 11 1859 William H. Bonney (Billy the Kid) was born
28 11 1859 Washington Irving, American writer and diplomat died
02 12 1859 John Brown, militant abolitionist, hung for treason, murder and conspiracy in Charlestown, Virginia
19 12 1859 Grading started for Market Street Railroad
Continued

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