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The Greek city-states began establishing colonies around 800 BC. Among the earliest of the Greek trading emporia were Al Mina in northern Syria and the Greek emporium at Ischia (Pithekoussai) in the Bay of Naples, both established about 800 BC with first influence of Greek culture in Macedon came from the colonies along the shore. Macedon was a Persian tributary in 500 B.C. but took no real part in the Persian Wars. During the 5th century BC, a well-developed Illyrian population center existed as far north as the upper Sava River valley in what is now Slovenia. The Gauls tribe is an originally Celtic ethnic or tribal name (Latin) during the early 400s BC, Celtic expansions into Italy.
Carthaginians spoke Punic, a dialect of Phoenician. Ionic "ss" appears as "tt" in later Classical Attic. In many cases Ionic turned Proto-Greek labiovelar sound /kw/ into /k/ rather than /p/ before back vowels. Similar divergent outcomes for /kw/ occurred also in Celtic and Italic branches of the Indo-European language family, between Latin and Oscan, as well as between P-Celtic (Welsh) and Q-Celtic (Irish). The Ionians were one of the four main ancient Greek phyla or tribes, linked by their use of the Ionic dialect of the Greek language. The middle section of the Greek-speaking western coast of Asia Minor was actually called "Ionian." The other three groups were the Achaeans, the Dorians and the Aeolians. They were known collectively as Hellenes.
The Athenians, in the peninsula of Attica, were the only Ionians on the Greek mainland. Koine Greek was unofficially a first or second language in the Roman Empire having other names Alexandrian, Hellenistic, Common, or New Testament Greek, marking the second stage as an ancient Greek dialect. The diglossia in Byzantium is defined by the medieval literary Koine, which has elements of archaism (equivalent to the Hellenistic Atticism), and the spoken or popular Koine which is the authentic successor of Koine Greek. There are a few ancient translations of Punic texts into Greek and Latin.
The Laigainian colonization is believed to have taken place sometime about 300 B.C. The Laigin settled first in southern Britain and then in Ireland. The ancient Laigin or Dumnonii group possibly meaning 'Deep Valley Dwellers' moved from the western region of Normandy as the Roman built up pressure on Gaul about 100 B.C. The Uí Neachtain (Naughton) are said to belong to the Laigain group, later living in the territory of the Hy-Many.
When the capital of the Roman Empire was transferred to Constantinople in the 4th century AD, the official language of the state continued to be Latin, yet the literary and spoken language of the entire Eastern part of the Empire continued to be Hellenic Greek.In the time of David (c. 1000 BC), a friendly alliance was entered into between the Hebrews and the Tyrians, who were long ruled over by their native kings. It was captured in 1124 after the First Crusade and was one of the most important cities of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The most notable of the Latin archbishops was the historian William of Tyre.