The older Norn was replaced by Lowland Scots which in turn is being replaced by Scottish English. For almost 1,000 years, the language of the Orcadian people was a variant of Old Norse known as "Norrśna" or "Norn".

A city of southern Germany west-northwest of Munich.

Augsburg (ouks'bĘŠrk) city, capital of Swabia, Bavaria, south central Germany, a major industrial center on the Lech River. Augsburg was founded (c.14 B.C.) by Augustus as a Roman garrison called Augusta Vindelicorum. The patron saint of Augsburg is Saint Afra, who was killed by the Romans at Augsburg in 304. An earlier patroness was Zisa, referenced in the 11th century, feast day September 28th), possibly an early Germanic goddess and originally the consort of Tiwaz. Different accounts of her life exist, the most widely known is that of an unreliable Carlovingian version, the Acts of St Afra, set down many centuries later. She was a courtesan in Augsburg having come there from Cyprus. As the persecution of Christians during the reign of Eastern Roman Emperor Diocletian began, Bishop Narcissus of Gerona in Spain arrived there and lodged with Afra and her mother, Hilaria.

The Codex Argenteus (or "Silver Bible") is a 6th century manuscript, originally containing Bishop Ulfilas' 4th century translation of the bible into the Gothic language was probably written for the Ostrogothic King Theodoric the Great, either at his royal seate in Ravenna, or in the Po valley or at Brescia. Gothic tribes we consider Gothic were nominally Arians during the period of time when Ulfilas translated the Christian bible into Gothic, meaning that they followed the teachings of Arius about the person and nature of Jesus Christ. Of the original 336 parchment folia, 188 have since been preserved, containing the translation of the greater part of the four gospels. The folia were preserved at the former Benedictine abbey of Werden, near Essen, Rhineland monastery of the Holy Roman Empire whose abbots were imperial princes and had a seate in the imperial diets, where it was rediscovered in the 16th century. A part of it is at permanent display at the Carolina Rediviva library in Uppsala, Sweden. After Theodoric's death in 526 the Silver Bible is not mentioned in inventories or book lists for a thousand years.

The Roman history of Styria is as part of Noricum and Pannonia, with a Celtic population of the Taurisci. During the great migrations, various Germanic tribes traversed the region using the river valleys and low passes, but about 600 CE the Slovs took possession and settled. When Styria came under the hegemony of Charlemagne as a part of Karantania (Carinthia), erected as a border territory against the Avars and Slavs, there was a large influx of Bavarii and other Christianized Germanic peoples, whom the bishops of Salzburg and the patriarchs of Aquileia kept faithful to Rome. Bishop Virgilius of Salzburg (745-84), was largely instrumental in establishing a church hierarchy in the Duchy and gained for himself the name of "Apostle of Karantania".

In 811 Charlemagne made the Drave river the boundary between the Dioceses of Salzburg and Aquileia. In the 10th century a part of Styria was separated from Carinthia under the name of the Carinthian March; it was also named the Windic March. The margraves ruling the march (known as the Otakars) took from the name of the fortified castle of Steier the title of Margraves of Styria, and the country received its German name Steiermark. During the reign of Margrave Ottokar IV (1164-92) Styria was raised to a duchy by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, in 1180 after the fall of Henry the Lion of Bavaria. With the death of Ottokar the first line of rulers of Styria became extinct; the region fell successively to the Babenberg family, rulers of Austria, as stipulated in the Georgenberg Pact; after their extinction to the control of Hungary (1254-60); to King Ottokar of Bohemia; in 1276 to the Habsburgs, who provided it with Habsburgs for Styrian dukes during the years 1379-1439 and 1564-1619.

The Gothic language, dead language belonging to the now extinct East Germanic group of the Germanic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages of the middle ages to the middle kingdom. From the region once Pictavium to early medieval times, Augsburg was controlled by the Frankish kings. Perlachturm, a bell tower was built in 1182. It was made a free imperial city in 1276 and was later a powerful member of various Swabian leagues, including the Swabian League of 1488-1534. Gothic has special value for the linguist because it was recorded several hundred years before the oldest surviving texts of all the other Germanic languages (except for a handful of earlier runic inscriptions in Old Norse).

An older stage of a Germanic language and on the development of Germanic languages in general. The earliest extant document in Gothic preserves part of a translation of the Bible made in the 4th cent. A.D. by Ulfilas, a Gothic bishop. Grammar of the Gothic Language and the Gospel of St. Mark is somewhat similar to Norn. Translation is written in an adaptation of the Greek alphabet, supposedly devised by the bishop himself which has since been acquired from branches familiar to Northern Germanic groups.

Viking settlers occupied Orkney, and the islands became a possession of Norway until being given to Scotland during the 15th century as part of a dowry settlement. Evidence of the Viking presence is widespread, and includes the settlement at the Brough of Birsay, several place names, and runic inscriptions at Maes Howe and other ancient sites. After the islands were ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland in the 15th century, Norn and its use was discouraged by the Scottish government and the Church of Scotland (the national church), and was gradually replaced by Lowland Scots over time. Christian II offered the Faroes and Iceland to Henry VIII of England after attempts by the bishop Goswin of Iceland, to get the Faroes under his diocese. Instead the Norn language in Shetland and the Orkneys was unsaved as two countries. The Faroese language can be distinguished as separate Scandinavian language. Throughout the 1500s the Faroes are exposed to pirate raids from the British Isles and western France, later also Barbary (then a vassal of the Ottoman Empire).

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