| Contronym / Auto-Antonym | |
| true homonyms | Some pairs of contronyms, words with different etymology which have the same form |
|
polysemy | Other contranyms results |
A Contronym
is occasionally an antagonym or autoantonym, such as "add to" or "remove
from."
Demonym
| -an or -ian (America American) both the location's name and the demonym are produced by suffixation, for example England and English (derived from the Angle tribe). |
| Demonyms are borrowed from other languages or adapted in a process of linguistic mutation where English demonyms are similar to those of other languages.The name of the country is not at all related to the name of the people (Netherlands Dutch), usually because the two words originate from different languages.
|
Eponym
An eponym is a person, whether real or fictitious, whose name has (or is thought to have) given rise to the name of a particular place, tribe, discovery, or other item. An eponymous person is the same as an eponym.
| Ancient Greece among the Hebrews independently | a legendary leader of a tribe gave his name to it (as Achaeus for Achaeans, or Dorus for Dorians) |
The eponym gave apparent meaning to the mysterious names of tribes, and sometimes, as in the Sons of Noah, provided a primitive attempt at ethnology too, in the genealogical relationships of eponymous originators | ||
|
science and technology | discoveries are often named after the (supposed) discoverer, or to honor some other influential workers | Examples are Avogadro's number and Parkinson's disease | ||
Eponym Time Periods
| Second millennium BC | Assyrians named each yeare after a high official (limmu) |
|
Ancient Greece | the eponym archon was the highest magistrate in Athens |
| 594 BC |
The Archon of Athens had a yearly charge and each yeare was named after the elected one; was named after Solon |
| Rome | the two annual consuls, as for chief magistrates of the Roman republic (never constitutionally abolished, so still forly the joint heads of government even under the 'political' reality of empire, both principate and dominate) gave both their names -regardless whether either one was reelected- to the yeare they were in office, this being the for way of dating, alongside the 'Ab Urbe Condita' continuous yeare ordinal (starting from the mythical date of the founding of Rome) |
| Rome |
The Greek Olympiad or even the rather pointless fiscal indiction |
| Julius Caesar |
Emperors would often be elected consul, some even repeatedly, but never an automatic right to be eponymous |
| Christian
Era | Dating eponymously by reign-years (the first, 2nd etc yeare of a named monarch) was not uncommon in various chanceries, especially at the court of a prince aspiring pivotal importance to his entire state's society, and was copied by minor dignitaries, even prelates. |
|
Christian Era | Sovereigns as John Lackland of England recognized him as their suzerain, the Holy Roman Emperor's refusal to do so being the ideological stake of the medieval so-called Investiture conflict), would succeed in imposing first on the public, and ultimately on all royal scripts, the 'neutral' dating AD |
Dialects are typically demarcated by whole bundles of isoglosses, e.g
The name is inspired by contour lines such as isobar, etc.; however the isogloss separates, rather than connecting points of equal language (perhaps one can say it connects points of indefinite language).
A patronymic, or patronym, is a personal name based on the name of one's father. A personal name based on the name of one's mother is a matronymic, or matronym. Immigration usually resulted in a switch to surnames, so depending on the country, family research in the 19th century or earlier needs to take this into account. One of the 12 Apostles. According to tradition, he visited India and Ethiopia and was martyred in Armenia. Nathanael is a given name, Bartholomew an Aramaic patronymic meaning “son of Talmai.” According to Syrian tradition, Bartholomew's original name was Jesus, which caused him to adopt another name.
| Slavic languages |
endings such as -vich (-vic) are used to form patronymics | ||||
| Russian | For masculine names ending in a vowel, such as Ilya or Foma, the corresponding endings are -ich and -inichna | ||||
|
For occasions when a person is using the diminutive of a name, such as Misha for Mikhail, the patronymic is never used | |||||
| Scandinavian languages | Formed by using the ending -son, to indicate "son of", and -dotter (Icelandic -dóttir) for "daughter of". | ||||
| Scandinavian languages |
The name was generally used as a last name although a third name, a so-called byname based on location or personal charateristic was often added to differentiate people | ||||
| Dutch |
In place of surnames or as middle names | ||||
|
Gaelic | prefix "Mac" is used to form a patronym In many Gaelic-based names, the "Mac" form can also appear as "Mc", the distinction being simply a matter of usage and preference - Highland (the full form) v. Lowland (Mc)) | ||||
|
Romanian | The endings -escu and -eanu were used, like Petrescu - son of Petre (Peter); many of the current Romanian family names were formed like this | ||||
| Armenian | The endings -ian and -yan are used, e.g. Jafarian. The root is often based on a trait of the namesake rather than the actual name. | ||||
| Armenian |
-oglu and -ov are also sometimes used by Armenians in Turkey and Russia, respectively | ||||
| Aramaic | The prefix bar (-) is used, thus Peter is called Bar-jonah in Matthew 16:17 and possibly Nathanael is called Bartholomew because he is the son of Tolmai. | ||||
| Aramaic | Figurative Titles; in Acts 4:36-37 a man named Joseph is called Barnabas meaning son of consolation. | ||||
| Aramaic | Figurative Titles; the prefix ben- is used the same way in Hebrew. | ||||
| Arabic | the word "ibn" means "son of", and "bint" "daughter of". Thus, for example, "Ali ibn Amr" means "Ali son of Amr". | ||||
| Arabic | The word "Abu" means "father of", so "Abu Ali" is another name for "Amr' | ||||
| Arabic | The Arabic patronymic tradition has been adopted by the aysian ays, who give names for both sons and daughters are patronyms with the structure of bin (for sons) and binti (for daughters) as the middle word of the name | ||||
| Toponym
| |
| geography and cartography | a place name, a geographical name, a proper name of locality, region, or some other part of Earth's surface or its natural or artificial feature |
|
taxonomic study of place names | |
| In some cultures | most or all such place names have a definite meaning in the language; this is not the case, generally, for native English language speakers. |
|
linguistics and ethnology |
a name derived from a place or a region |
| anatomy
| a name of a region of the body, as distinguished from the name of an organ |
| biology
| a binomial name of a plant |