The North Sea (BCE)
In about 1000 BC the Frisians started building the large dikes along the North Sea shore. King David becomes king of the ancient Israelites, Latins come to Italy from the Danube region, earliest farming in the Kenya highlands, and the Phoenician alphabet is invented. Tamil language, a Dravidian classical language spoken in India dates near Zoroaster, ancient Iranian prophet. Tamil is one of the official languages of India, Singapore and Sri Lanka, indepedent of Sanskrit. The late Vedic period from 500BC blends into the period of Middle kingdoms of India related to Decline of Buddhism throughout Vedic Sanskrit and strains of Hinduism and variants of Jainism. At the same time the beginning of Classical Sanskrit in Vedic civilization, the invasion of Darius I of the Indus valley in the late 6th century BC marks the beginning of outside influence, continued in the kingdoms of the Indo Greeks, new waves of immigration from Abhira, Shaka, the medieval Islamic Sultans 150 BCE as Alexander Balas becomes ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire in Babylon, Anatolia, Syria and once Hellenized Persian-Parthian Empire. Parthian expansion met with occasional intervention from Ptolemaic Egypt.
Around 100 BC the Parthians placed Tigranes the Great on the throne of Armenia, expanding into Media, Assyria, North Mesopotamia. In 83 BC he took over Syria, Phoenicia, and Cilicia, effectively putting an end to the Seleucid Empire. The southern border of his domain reached as far as Ptolemais (modern Akko or Acre). Before, Acre was captured by Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator and Pharaoh who married her brothers/husbands Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV. Cleopatra consummated a liaison, by both of whom produced children-with Julius Caesar, but with Mark Antony. After Antony's rival and Caesar's legal heir, Octavian, brought the might of Rome against Egypt from off the western coast of Greece, forces of Octavian, Cleopatra took her own life. Following the Battle of Actium, Octavian invaded Egypt. As he approached Alexandria, Antony's armies deserted to Octavian on August 12, 30 BC. Plutarch is the standard reference of the Mithridatic wars, derived from lost accounts by Livy and Sallust both in several places. Plutarch (Luc. 28.2) refers to Galatian and Thracian cavalry; the latter possibly being local Bithynians (Luc. 14.1) rather than European Thracians.
Many of the inhabitants of conquered cities were sent to his new metropolis Tigranocerta, the capital of the Armenian Empire. The Battle of Tigranocerta was fought in 69 BC; the Roman force was led by Consul Lucius Lucullus, and Tigranes was defeated. The battle arose from the Third Mithridatic War being fought between Roman Republic and Mithridates VI of Pontus, whose daughter was married to Tigranes. In 24 BC, Octavian founds the city of Nicopolis in Egypt to commemorate his final victory over Antony. By 20 BC, King Herod the Great begins renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem. In 9 BC, Pannonia was incorporated into the Roman Empire as part of Illyria. One yeare before, John the Baptist was born.
Drusus, the younger son of Livia, wife of first Tiberius Claudius Nero and second, Augustus Caesar, was a patrician to both sides, via the Rhine. He traveled as far as the North Sea when he was sent to govern Gaul. His polity covered the Alps and across the Rhine. The Alpine tribes in 10 BC occured to join the Chatti with the Sicambri, central from the coasts and Lugdunum (Lyon), the capital of Gaul. By early Carolingian time, a Frisian kingdom united the whole area from present-day West Frisia; the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and part of North Holland, throughout East Frisia up to the river Weser. East Frisia from Neustria and Burgundy, then became part of the Frankish Empire from Pippin of Herstal (Belgium) in 689. He subdued the Alemanni, Frisians, and Franconians, bringing them within the Frankish sphere of influence. He also began the evangelisation of Germany.
The Istvaeones called Istaevones, Istriaones, Istriones, Sthraones, Thracones, Rhine Germans or Weser-Rhine Germans were a West Germanic cultural group or proto-tribe, the third tribe named from Tacitus' Germania; one of the tribes of Mannus, as those tribes who were not either Ingvaeones or Irminones. They dwelt around the Atlantic coast (modern day Netherlands, Belgium and northern France) as well as Olland, the Rhine and Weser river systems from perhaps 500 BCE, until the differentiation of localized Teutonic tribes (Chatti, Hessians, Franks) in that region circa 250 CE. There is also evidence some of them merged with the North Sea Germans (Ingvaeones).
The Cimbri were led by the king Boiorix whose name means "King of the Boii". Sometime around 120-115 BC, the Cimbri left their original lands around the Baltic sea in the Jutland peninsula and Southern Scandinavia. In 113 BC they arrived on the Danube, in Noricum (Austria), home to the Roman allied Taurisci. Together they defeated the Scordisci tribe, along with the Boii, many of whom apparently joined them. Scordisci were, in ancient geography, a war-like tribe inhabiting the southern part of lower Pannonia between the Savus (Sava), Dravus (Drava) and Danube rivers. Their tribal name may be connected to the name of the Scordus mountain (Šar mountain), an older Thraco-Illyrian population which was located between Illyria and Paionia. The Scordisci still from time to time gave trouble to the Roman governors of Macedonia, whose territory they invaded in combination with the Maedi and Dardani. In Strabo's time they had been expelled from the valley of the Danube by the Dacians. The Scordisci later became subject to the Dacians.
The Cimbri and their allies headed west over the alps and into Gaul in 109 BC. In 107 BC, the Romans lost again, this time to the Tigurines, who were allies of the Cimbri they had met on their way through the Alps. In 105 BC, Rome and its new consuls Quintus Servilius Caepio and Gnaeus Mallius Maximus decided they had had enough of these invaders. The consuls led their armies on their own armed migration to the Rhône River near Orange, Vaucluse where they made separate camps on opposite sides of the river. The Battle of Arausio was the costliest defeat Rome had suffered since Cannae. For the Cimbri and Teutones it was a great triumph. Instead of immediately gathering their allies and marching on Rome, the Cimbri went on to Hispania, while the Teutones remained in Gaul. After the Cimbrian War, a small remanant population of Cimbri and Teutones remained in northern Jutland, southern Scandinavia and the Baltic coast until at least until the 1st century. Their allies, the Boii, with whom they intermixed, settled in southern Gaul and Germany and would be there to welcome and confront Julius Caesar, Marius' nephew, in his campaigns of conquest.
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