Pliny c.80 AD in his Natural History (chapter IV, paragraph 99) lists the Ingaevones as one of the five German confederations. According to him they were made up of Cimbri, Teutons, and Chauci. Other West Germanic proto-tribes were the Irminones and Istaevones. The Ingaevones or Ingvaeones (also referred to as "North Sea Germans")—Ingäwonen, Ingwäonen, Nordsee-Germanen in German—were a West Germanic cultural group or proto-tribe along the North Sea coast. Their name comes from Tacitus's Germania (circa 98 CE), in which he categorized them as one of the three tribes descended from the three sons of Mannus, son of Tuisto. They probably became distinct from the generality of North Germanic groups between around 1000 and 500 BCE, moving into the areas of Jutland, Holstein, Frisia and the Danish islands, where they had by about 50 BCE become further differentiated into the Frisians, Saxons, Jutes and Angles.
Pliny's Natural History (4.100) claims that the Irminones include the Suebi, Hermunduri, Chatti, and Cherusci. They may have differentiated into the tribes Alamanni, Hermunduri, Marcomanni, Quadi, Suebi. In 8 BCE, the Marcomanni and Quadi drove the Boii out of Bohemia. At this time the Suebi, Marcomanni and Quadi had moved southwest into the area of modern day Bavaria and Swabia. In Irminones or Herminones cultures, Mela begins to speak of the Scythians. The Suebi or Suevi were Elbe-Germanics whose origin was near the Baltic Sea. The Hermunduri were an ancient tribe of Germanic people who occupied the area around what is now Thuringia, Saxony, and Northern Bavaria, from roughly around 1 AD to 400 AD. The Chatti (Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe settled in central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony, along the upper reaches of the Weser river and in the valleys and mountains of the Eder, Fulda and Werra river regions. The Cherusci were a Germanic tribe inhabiting the Rhine valley and the plains and forests of northwestern Germany (between near modern Osnabrück and Hanover) during the 1st century BCE and 1st century CE.
- Ingvaeones (living at the coastal line of the North Sea)
- Irminones (living in the interior part around the Elbe)
- Istvaeones (living at the borders of the river Rhine)
The three correspond to the three Norns (fates) in notion or the three sons of Odin: Thor, Baldur, Vali-Bous. Sigi is ancestor of the Volsungs. Skjöld is ancestor of the Skjölding dynasty in Denmark. Yngvi is ancestor of a legendary Swedish Ynglings. Sæming is ancestor of a line of Norwegian kings.
In Nennius, Mannus is a corrupted Alanus and Ingio/Inguio, his son, to Neugio. The element Ing- in Old English, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish and Icelandic names are usually considered to be related. Here the three sons of Neugio are named as Boganus, Vandalus, and Saxo — from whom came the peoples of the Bogari, the Vandals, and the Saxons and Tarincgi. Mannus, son of Tuisto was a mythological character from whom a number of Germanic tribes were descended. It stems from the same root as the Indo-Iranian Manu, progenitor of humankind, first holy king to rule this earth, the Indo-European Noah who saves mankind and the Vedas and the priesthood from the universal flood. It might also be related to the name of the Celto-Irish deity Manannan mac Leir, for whom the Isle of Man is named.
Nennius where the name Mannus is corrupted as Alanus, the ancestor of the Istaevones appears as Escio or Hisicion; there the sons of this figure are, fantastically, from Frankish tradition, Francus, Romanus, Alamanus, and Bruttus, the supposed ancestors of the Franks, Latins, Germans and Britons. The legendary father of the Ingaevones/Ingvaeones is named Ingwaz (Ing, Ingo, or Inguio) of Sweden and East Danes, son of Mannus. Ingwaz is the reconstructed name of the Elder Futhark. According to Pliny 80 AD, the Ingaevones were made up of Cimbri, Teutons, and Chauci; an Old Illyrian group of the Burgundian Danube and neighboring Celtic Belgae. Caesar refers to the historic Cimbrian War of c. 115 - 101 BC, during which the Cimbri and Teutones attacked the Roman frontier.
The northern varieties of the Low Germanic languages, (Low German, and Dutch), together with English and Frisian, may all be classified as the North Sea Germanic or Ingvaeonic languages. The legendary father of the Ingaevones/Ingvaeones is named *Ingwaz (Ing, Ingo, or Inguio), son of Mannus. Jacob Grimm, in his Teutonic Mythology, and many others consider this Ing to have been originally identical to the vague Scandinavian Yngvi, eponymous ancestor of the Swedish royal house of the Ynglings. An Ingui is also listed in the Anglo-Saxon royalhouse of Bernicia. This is also the name given to the Viking era deity Freyr. In the Íslendingabók Yngvi Tyrkja konungr 'Yngvi king of Turkey' appears as father of Njörd who in turn is the father of Yngvi-Freyr, the ancestor of the Ynglings.
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