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- Qoppa is an obsolete letter of the Greek alphabet and has a numeric value of 90. It was also adopted into the early Cyrillic alphabet-a writing system developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the tenth century to write the Old Church Slavonic liturgical language.
- Kappa is the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 20. It was derived from the Phoenician letter Kaph.
- Gamma is the third letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 3. In Ancient Greek, it represented a voiced velar stop /g/.
700-500 BC- The Osci probably adopted the archaic Etruscan alphabet during the 7th century, but a recognizably Oscan variant of the alphabet is attested only from the 5th century, its sign inventory being extended over the classical Etruscan alphabet by the introduction of long vowel variants of I and U, transcribed as à and Ã. U came to be used to represent Oscan o, while à was used for actual Oscan u: ABGDEVZHIKLMNPÅRSTUFÚÍ
600 BC- the archaic form of the Etruscan alphabet remains practically unchanged and there are evolutions of the alphabet, guided by the phonology of the Etruscan language.
400 BC- it appears that all of Etruria was using the classical Etruscan alphabet of 20 letters, mostly written from left to right: An additional sign, in shape similar to the numeral 8, transcribed as F, was present in both Lydian and Etruscan. Its origin is disputed; it may be an altered B or H or an ex novo creation (Rix 202). Its sound value was [f] and it replaced the Etruscan FH. Some letters were, on the other hand, falling out of use: B and D were apparently considered superfluous over P and T. K was dropped in favour of G (also transcribed as C). O disappears and is replaced by U. In the course of its simplification, the redundant letters showed some tendency towards a syllabary: C, K and Q were predominantly used in the contexts CE, KA, QU.
P represents /b/ or /p/
T is for /t/ or /d/, K for /g/ or /k/
Z is probably for /ts/
U /u/ and V /w/ are distinguished
Î is probably for /t/ and X for /g/
200 BC- This classical alphabet remained in use until the 2nd century BC when it began to be contaminated by the rise of the Latin alphabet. Soon after the Etruscan language itself became extinct.
Obsolete Letters
An abecedarium is an inscription consisting of the letters of the alphabet in order. Some abecedaria include obsolete letters which are not otherwise attested in inscriptions. For example, abecedaria in the Etruscan alphabet from Marsiliana include the letters B, D, and O, which indicate sounds not present in the Etruscan language and are therefore not found in Etruscan inscriptions. At, or near, the beginning of the Christian era, the Latin alphabet had already undergone its principal changes, and had become a fixed and definite system. The Greek alphabet, moreover, with certain slight modifications, was becoming closely assimilated to the Latin. Towards the eighth century of Rome, the letters assumed their artistic forms and lost their older, narrower ones.
