The Danube; Gallaecia; Celtiberia

Lombards were one of the tribes forming the Suebi (Swabia), and during the 1st century AD they lived in northwest Germany. During the Early Middle Ages, following the Gothic War that was disastrous for the region, new waves of Byzantine Christian Greeks came to Magna Graecia from Greece and Asia Minor, as southern Italy remained loosely governed by the Eastern Roman Empire until the advent, first of the Lombards then of the Normans.

Galatia

At the end of the 1st century the Prussian settlements were probably divided into tribal domains, separated from one another by uninhabitated areas of forest, swamp and marsh. Parts of the Baltic region retained wilderness areas for longer than almost anywhere else in Europe.

Baltic people spoke a variety of languages, with Prussian belonging to the western branch of the Baltic language group is no longer spoken. Because the Baltic tribes inhabiting Prussia never formed a common political and territorial organisation (a state), they had no reason to adopt a common ethnic or national name. Instead they used the name of the region from which they came - Galindians, Sambians, Bartians, Nadrovians, Natangians, Scalovians and Sudovians. The Balts entered history in the early 2nd millennium BC and were organized into these larger social entities, one of which was termed a "duchy" by non-Baltic writers.

The Merovingian dynasty owes its name to Merovech leader of the Salian Franks from about 447 to 457, and emerges into wider history with the victories of Childeric I (reigned about 457–481) against the Visigoths, Saxons and Alamanni. The Frankish area expanded further under Clovis' sons, eventually covering most of present-day France, but including areas east of the Rhine river as well, such as Alamannia (today's southwestern Germany) and Thuringia (from 531).

Saxony, however, remained outside the Frankish realm until conquered by Charlemagne centuries later. After a temporary reunification of the separate kingdoms under Clotaire I, the Frankish lands split once again in 561 into Neustria, Austrasia, and Burgundy, which had been absorbed into the Frankish realms through a combination of political marriage and force of arms. The Roman usurper Procopius bribed two legions passing by Constantinople, proclaims himself Roman emperor, and takes control of Thrace and Bithynia and Alamanni to cross frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading Roman Empire. Franks and Saxons also landed in northern Gaul.

The Alamanni were agricultural people, and their language formed the basis of the modern-day Alsatian dialect, closely related to the Suebi on the right bank of the Rhine. In 406, much of the tribe joined the Vandals and Alans. Passing through the Basque country, they settled in the Roman province of Gallaecia, in north-western Hispania.

The Franks drove the Alamanni out of Alsace during the 5th century, and Alsace then became part of the Kingdom of Austrasia. The northern Suebi connection to the Suebi Saxons and Langobards (Lombards) returning from Italy in 573. Sueve Gallaecia was the first kingdom separated from the Roman Empire to mint coins.

The Sueve kingdom in Gallaecia was established at 410 and lasted until 584 after a century of slow decline. Unlike the Ostrogoth kingdom-of Italy or the Visigoth kingdom - in Spain. The Suebi quickly adopted the local Hispano-Roman language. Visigoths in the Iberian Peninsula from 416 sent from Aquitania by the Emperor of the West to fight the Vandals and the Alans resulted into an ephemeral expansion of the Suebi Kingdom: At its heyday Suebic Gallaecia extended as far as Merida or Seville.

The oldest known texts in Alemannic are brief Elder Futhark inscriptions dating to the 6th century. In the Old High German period, the first coherent texts are recorded in the St. Gall abbey, among them the 8th century paternoster. Due to the importance of the Carolingian abbeys of St. Gall and Reichenau island, a considerable part of the Old High German corpus has Alemannic traits. Alemannic Middle High German is less prominent, in spite of the Codex Manesse compiled by Johannes Hadlaub of Zürich. The rise of the Old Swiss Confederacy between the communities of the valleys in the central Alps from the 14th century leads to the creation Alemannic Swiss chronicles.

The Low Germanic languages are distinguished from the High Germanic languages principally in that the latter underwent a consonant shift in the 700s and 800s. In High German, /k/, /p/, /t/ became /(k)x/ (only in some dialects), /pf/, /ts/ in initial positions and /x/, /f/, /s/ in medial and final positions. In Low German (as well as English and Frisian), the old /k/, /p/, /t/... English is not a Low Germanic language but an Anglo-Frisian language (North Sea Germanic languages).

Old Saxon, Low Franconian, Old Low German evolved into Middle Low German, spoken on the north-west coast of Germany and in Denmark by Saxon peoples. It is closely related to Old Anglo-Frisian Old Frisian, Old English. Low Germanic languages variety of West Germanic languages spoken in northern Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Surinam. It also includes Afrikaans, which is spoken in South Africa, and Plautdietsch, which is spoken by Mennonite communities in North and South America. Middle Low German was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League. The Alb dialect is strong, even stronger than in the rest of Swabia, added the addition of a "-le" suffix on many words in the German language, sound shifts such as t to d, p to b. The "Swabian-Alemannic" carnival is an important tradition in many of the villages.

Alemannic German is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. It is spoken by approximately ten million people in six different countries in southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, France and Italy. The name derives from the ancient German alliance of tribes known as the Alamanni. Alemannic itself comprises a dialect continuum. At this level, the distinction between a language and a dialect is linguistically meaningless and constitutes a cultural and political question. Alemannic is not considered a language separate from German, based on Upper German dialects, even by its speakers. From the 17th century, written Alemannic was displaced by Standard German, which emerged from 16th century Early Modern High German, in particular in the wake of Luther's bible translation of the 1520s.

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