The earliest clearly British Christian leader
recorded after the departure of the Roman legions from the island was Saint Dyfrig
(Latin, Dubricius). He is said to have been a son of Eurddyl and her husband King
Pabai or Pepiau of Ercych (now Herefordshire). He founded monasteries at Henllan
("Old Church"), now Hentland-on-Wye, 7 kilometers northwest of Ross-on-Wye; at
Mochros, now Moccas, in the Wye Valley 16 kilometers west of Hereford; at Ynys
Pyr (English, "Caldey Island"), off Tenby in the Dyfed county of Pembrokeshire;
and possibly churches in Porlock and near Luscombe on the Exmoor coast of Somerset.
Armorica's southern boundary extended
to the Pyrénées. He was a bishop, but it appears that he was so
for the purpose of ordaining priests, not as administrative head of the church
over a geographical area. There is a legend that he solemnised the marriage of
King Arthur and Guinevere.
Pol,
son of a British chieftain and one of the seven founder saints of Brittany, founded
churches near Llandovery in the Dyfed county of Carmarthenshire, and before 518
had founded an abbey at Yr Henllwyn ("Old Bush") called Ty Gwyn ("White Church").
He later founded monasteries in Brittany and was first bishop of the city of Saint-Pol-de-Leon.
His sister was St. Sidwell of Exeter. Samson was born in Dyfed. He was a first
cousin of Illtud and a great-grandson of King Tewdrig (Tudor) of Morganwg (Glamorgan).
He studied as a boy at Llan Illtyd Fawr and was then sent to Ynys Pyr, presently
becoming its abbot. Some time after 545 he temporarily took over the abbacy of
Llan Illtud Fawr from Illtud. When Illtud resumed charge of his abbey, Samson
travelled first to Cornwall and then to Brittany, founding churches in both places
and an abbey at Dol, where he died c.565. He is also celebrated as the evangeliser
of Guernsey.
The Druids after long supporting their power and influence,
were obliged to fly from the ferocious sword of the Romans to Anglesea. Followed
thither by the universal conquerors, they made a noble stand; but being defeated,
their king, Caractacus, was carried in chains to Rome, and the whole race nearly
exterminated.In the early days — say from the tenth century on to probably the
fourteenth or fifteenth centuries, the Parish of Michael, or "Kirk
Michael" as it was then called, must have been a very important place for
two main reasons, the first being that in those early days sittings of Tynwald
were regularly held there, and, secondly, that the official residence of the Lord
Bishop was in the parish.
St. Cadoc came into conflicts with kings Arthur,
Maelgwn of Gwynedd, and Rhain of Brycheiniog. Beneventum, east of Daventry in
Northamptonshire. was overrun by Saxons at this time as an explanation both for
both the killing of Cadoc and for the prohibition on Britons entering the town
to recover his body. Cadoc, with Illtud, is one of the three knights said to have
become keepers of the Holy Grail. A brother of this King Gwynllyw was Saint Petroc.
Petroc in Ireland perhaps learned esoteric Druid wisdom as well as Christianity.
He spent most of his adult life based at Padstow in Cornwall, and founded churches
in Cornwall, Devon and Somerset (all then part of Dumnonia / Kernyw) including
North and South Petherton (places named after him in west and south Somerset respectively).
He converted King Constantine of Dumnonia (in 586) and died in 590. With Saint
Piran he is among the best-known of the Cornish saints. The principal contemporary
leader of the church in the north of Romanised Britain was Saint Kentigern / Mungo,
a son of King Urien Rheged (ruled c. 560 to c. 590), the founder of Glasgow Cathedral
and its first bishop.
Germanus,
for the honour of the Manks nation, was sixty-nine years ancienter than Bangor,
in Wales, which was the first bishopric that we read of among the Britons, and
one hundred and fourteen years before Austin the monk. He introduced the liturgy
of the Lateran, and so absolutely settled the business of religion, that the Island
never afterwards relapsed. He died before St. Patrick, who sent two bishops to
supply his place, Conindrius and Romulus, of whom we have little memorable; but
that one or both of them survived St. Patrick five years is very probable, for
then it was 494. The Latin Church was brought to Canterbury by St.
Augustine and his forty Benedictine Monks in 597 A.D.
The ancient British
Traids list Joseph and his company as Culdees along with Paul, Peter, Lazarus,
Simon Zelotes, and Aristobulus and before the Synod of Whitby the Celtic Catholic
church was known as Culdee Christian Church and there is evidence that this name
lived on past the Synod of Whitby until at least the reign of Henry II where the
Canons of York where known the "Culdee Canons".
In Cornwall, the same group in Brittany had been led by St. Breaca, a nun
of Kildare (Thomond) and included
Ronan who is represented as a son of two converts of Saint Patrick. Saint Ronan
returned to Ireland but was soon back in Cornwall to Brittany in about 500. The
beginning of the church organization was with no episcopal jurisdiction as it
ws practiced in Gaul. The numerous clerics in episcopal orders among the migrants
assumed no administrative duties in Brittany. Thus the church of the Britons in
Brittany was a new creation, reflective of the pattern of the mother church in
Cornwall and Wales. Many of parishes arose in previously unpopulated or unchristianized
areas where no parish organization had preceded. The coming of saints with dozens
of companions is an arrangement with many Irish parallels. Such groups in Brittany
are of six-century date and no membership in missionary action.
St. Budoc
from the fifth century was the child of parents who had already settled Brittany.
Born in a sealed cask in which his mother had been put to sea, released with her
at Waterford where he grew, the crosses the sea to Brest, floating on a stone
coffin. It is possible that he restored the ruins of a church built in Roman times
on the tiny island of Lavret off Plaimpol, and founded a monastery there. St Budoc
is associated with St. Mawes who settled on the island of Modez off the Leon coast.
St. Brieuc of Cardiganshire descended from Maximus Magnus and was known in Wales
as Tyfriog and dates elude to St. Tudwal, said to have been Brieu'c nephew and
the cousin of a ruler of Damnonia in the north central Brittany. The Tudwal foundation
was called Lan Pabu.
St. Samson of Dol, the Welsh saint was probably over
sixty when he reached Brittany. He had epsicopal orders while in Wales and in
the ninth century his monastery of Dol gave rise to an episcopal see, referred
to as the Bishop of Dol. The 610 AD anonymous writing of Life of Samson makes
no other statement than Samson as abbot. The later abbot of Dol, Tigernomalus
was also of episcopal rank with a troupe of fellow clerics Samson landed at the
mouth of the Gouioult which flows into the Bay of St. Michel, and moving to higher
ground, instituted the monastery of Dol. Many monasteries of the province of Devon
extended through a great area of northeastern Brittany. When Judwal was imprisoned
by King Childebert at Paris, the signatory Samson took upon himself of effecting
Judwal's release and successfully attended the Third Council of Paris and founded
the monastery at Pentale on the Seine. He set out on a mission in the Channel
Islands of Jersey and Guernsey, extending to some of the Scilly Isles, where his
name is also remembered but he ended his days at Dol.
The Christianization
of Ireland took place within the period of the movement with the rise of monasticism
and its spread from Egypt, Palestine, and Asia Minor to all parts of western Europe.
In Gaul the first monastic personality was Saint Martin (325-397), a native Pannonia
(Hungary) who left the Roman army, founded a monastery at liguge in 360, became
bishop of Tours. Anthony in Egypt, Martin of Gaul, Illtud and David in Britain
and Ninians successors at Candida Casa- the institution was called Rosnat by the
Irish, referred to as the Great Monastery. The monastic contact of Ireland with
Wales in the era of the great Welsh saints gives prominence to Gildas. Samson
of Dol accompanied some Irish from Wales to Ireland. Cadoc's treacher in Wales
is the son of an Irish king, St. Carranog (Cernach) in Irish documents joined
Patrick in Leinster. Before St. Finian found a monastery of Clonard, he was brought
by Cadoc to Wales. After his adoption of monastic life, Columba went for instruction
to the bard Gemman and resided for a time in Leinster.
Enda's settlement
was accompanied across Galwy Bay by a band of disciples to Monastirboice in County
Louth. After 500, Ciaran, the founder of Clonmacnois in Offaly is a reputed disciple
of St. Enda and thus an heir of the Whithorn
school of learning. Clonmacnois maintained a front-rank position in Irish monasticism
to the age of the Vikings where Finian, abbot of Clonard in meath established
the monastery about 520 with association of Welsh saints. Among the twelve apostles
of Ireland: Columba of Iona, St.
Ciaran of Clonmacnois, St. Brendan of Birr, St. Brendan of Clonfert the Voyager.
Brendan the Voyager
came from County Kerry and it was in the
Dingle peninsula that a number of small communities and neighboring islands
led to the foundation on Inishglora off the coast of Mayo and a nunnery at Annaghdown
on Lough Corrib in Galway,
he placed under his sister Brig. As a friend of Columba, formed a community on
Tiree and at some time reached Iceland. On the Dingle peninsual in Kerry, Dunmore
Head is the westermost point of ireland and the next parish to America. On
the lofty island rock of Scellig
Michael, eight miles out in the ocean from the coast of Kerry, countless seaside
setllements on Ireland's coasts and among the
Hebrides, the next generation came Columba, like Enda and Finian of Moville,
was an Irish Pict.
St. Kevin
(Coemgen), a descendant of kings of Leinster
was sent as a boy to study at Kilnamanagh near Tallach, County Dublin. Here he
was instructed by St. Petrock, a
Cornwall monk and scholar. Kevin settled in the solitude of Glendalough
(Valley of the Lakes) in County Wicklow and cultivated boats and fishing among
the two lakes. Among the Wicklow Mountains, tribes of Dublin and Kerry, Meath,
Nass, Ossory and Leix had settled as well as the monastic settlement of the Franciscans,
the Úí Cheinnselaig expanded into Wexford down the Slaney valley through
a pass between the Balckstairs and the Wicklow Mountains, and the Ulaid residence
of Crew Hill. Newcastle
was an English Bourough by-name brought from Domesday and the Treaty of Montgomery.
A place in Munster of the Uí Faelain; and O'Brien branch of the Wicklow
mountains who unlike the Ua Faelain of the Déisi who had anglicanized lordships.
Naas Chiefs of Hy-Maile [Imaile] and of Hy-Teigh or Maine
Mál comprised Cualan's Country or the mountain land baronies.
St.
Patrick was proceeding south-wards on his mission of love along the
eastern shore of Lough Neagh (Loch nEathach), and at his word the fierce
inhabitants of Dalaradia were yielding to the gentle influence of the Gospel.
By the eighth century, then, the main northern branches of the Érainn
and Cruthin were confined east of the lower Bann and the Newry river.