The Geats, the Danes and the Jutes (Eotenas) are described as three distinct nations. The Geats have been identified with quite a number of different peoples and areas, by different authors for various purposes such as the Gotlanders, the Goths, the Jutes, etc.
In Beowulf, Wherever the Weder-Geats place their origin, (according to Beowulf) located only two nights sail-way from the Danes great hall Heorot. This distance corresponds well to the distance between Sjælland and the estuary of Göta älv (the narrow riverine gate of the traditional Götaland between Viken (a former Norwegian province) and Halland (belonged formerly to Denmark). Hroar is supposed to have founded Roskilde (e.g. Saxo Grammaticus Gesta Danorum). This modern and medieval town in northern Sjælland (Zealand), Denmark, is where the ancient kingdom seate Lejre was located. In the Liber Monstrorum, Chlochilachus or Huiglaucus who is identified with Hygelac (Hugleikr) is described as rex Getarum.
In all their varieties runes may be considered an ancient writing system of Northern Europe. The Scandinavian version is known as Futhark (derived from its first six letters: 'F', 'U' 'Th', 'A', 'R', and 'K') having sixteen runes, and the Anglo-Saxon and Gothic version as Futhorc (also so named after its first letters). Younger Futhark has sixteen runes and Elder Futhark has twenty-four.
In Norse mythology, the invention of runes is attributed to Odin.
The name given to the signs, contrasting them with Latin or Greek letters, is attested on a 6th century alamannic runestaff as runa, and possibly as runo on the Einang stone (ca. 4th century). The name is from a root run- (Gothic runa) meaning "secret" (c.f. also the chapters of the Kalevala, called runo, plural runot, a loan from North Germanic).
Ing was first among the East Danes seen by men and this may refer to the origins of the worship of Ingui in the tribal areas that Tacitus mentions in his Germania as being populated by the Inguieonnic tribes. Yngvi is a strophe of the Anglo Saxon rune poem (c. 1100) and the variants used in Beowulf to designate the kings as 'leader of the friends of Ing'. The compound Ingui-Frea (OE) and Yngvi-Freyr (ON) likely refer to the connection between the god and the Germanic kings' role as priests during the sacrifices in the pagan period, as 'Frea' and 'Freyr' are titles meaning 'Lord'. The number, names, and order of the Skjöldung kings vary greatly in different texts until one comes to Halfdan/Healfdene. All Old English texts call Scyld's son and successor Beaw or similar name Beowulf during traversal of founding years until the middle ages. All Scandinavian sources that mention both Skjöld and Halfdan put Halfdan some generations after Skjöld and make no mention of King Beaw who in the prologue of Edda is the name of the poem's hero.
Dan I was succeeded by Humblus succeeded by Lotherus succeeded by Skjöld and was succeeded by a son named Gram. Since gram is also a simple adjective meaning "fierce" and a common kenning for "king" according to Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum. Gram who becomes the father of Hadingus who in turn becomes the father of a king Frotho I who is father of (Haldanus I; Halfdan; Beowulf) king of Denmark of the Skjöldung (Scylding) lineage. Fridleif the son of Skjöld was apparently brother of Gram. From the son of the king named Froda of the Grottasöngr is Hrothgar and another Helgi- a lineage descended from two elder kings or sons from Froda and whom are otherwise from Fridleif and Gram- (Halfdan; Beowulf.)
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Bjarki can be interpreted as cognate to Beowulf, if Beowulf himself has a 'cognate' character in Rolf Kraki's story. Bödvar Bjarki aids Adils in defeating Adils' uncle Áli, in the Battle on the Ice. In Beowulf, the hero Beowulf aids Eadgils in Eagils' war against Onela. The Swedish adventure holds, Beowulf and Bödvar Bjarki are one and the same of two versions of a Germanic heroic epic.
Bugøynes (Pykeija or Pykeijä - in Finnish) is a fishing community in the very most northeastern tip of Norway, in the province of Finnmark, situated by the Varanger Fjord (Bøkfjorden in Norwegian). The term Kven (alternative names: Kveeni, Kvaen, Kvæn, Cwen, Quen, Quain, Qwaen) - Kainulainen (Kainulaiset in plural) in Finnish - has historically been used in reference to all Northern Scandinavian people, who are of a pre twentieth century Finnish origin. Sometimes occuring Kieven before or after occurence. Heorot is the great hall built by king Hrothgar who is Hrólf Kraki's uncle when Beowulf leaves Geatland and arrives at the Danish court.