The Dahae Confederation of Parthia
The Suren-Pahlavs alongside the other members of the Parni, with Arsaces at their head, took the province of Parthovia (Parthia) after having taken Andragoras and soon, neighbouring Hyrcania was annexed and the Caspian reached.
Scythia comprised an area in Eurasia inhabited in ancient times by a group Iranian nomadic peoples, speaking Iranian languages and known as the Scythians or Scyths. The location and extent of Scythia varied over time: Scythians variously inhabited: the Caucasus area, including Azarbaijan, Georgia and Turkmenistan, the Altay Mountains region where present-day Mongolia, China, Russia, and Kazakhstan come together, the southern Ukraine with the lower Danube river area and Bulgaria.
Scythian (Sarmatian) language is the Proto-Slavonic one. Other Proto-Slavonic dialects are the languages of the Pelasges (the writing of Linear A, and its decorative version on the Phaistos disk) and of the Etruscans. The symbols depicted from the ancient cultures of the Scythians, Sarmatians and Sindi (Meotians), and their descendants, Russians and Circassians. In the 2nd century AD, some groups of Bulgars migrated to the European continent and settled on the plains between the Caspian and Black Seas. Between AD 351 and 389, some of these crossed the Caucasus and settled in Armenia. The Sarmatians of Ptolemy fall into the Middle Sarmatian period; late 2nd century B.C. to late 2nd century AD.
The Parthian empire was to last until AD 224, when it was succeeded by the Sassanid empire. The Parthian Empire was finally overthrown in AD 226 by Ardashir I (Artaxerxes), the founder of the Sassanid Dynasty. Ardashir I was born in the late 2nd century in Balkh, a vassal kingdom of the Parthian Empire. Like the Elymais client Kingdom that occupied the area of ancient Elam, and kingdoms of Mesene in Lower Mesopotamia and Persis (Fars) in Central Iran, as well as Adiabene in Nothern Mesopotamia. All Persian provinces fell under The Arabic Caliphate from 661 to 867.
Until the Greek Dark Ages, the Sarmatians and Scythians of Eurasia by the time of the Byzantine Empire, placed a notion of some of the Scythians and the Huns being of Scythian ancestry and the name of the land of Scythian origin as Gerrhos meaning swamp of reeds, which is on the meridian of the Eastern Axis of Egypt according to Hebrew Exodus. Apart from a few personal names, the language of the Medes is almost entirely unknown, but was undoubtedly quite similar to the Avestan and Scythian languages. But the Gelae, Tapuri, Cadusii, Amardi, Utii and other tribes in northern Media and on the shores of the Caspian may not have been Iranian stock. In the southeasternmost corner of the plains, north of the woods of Thrace, Philip II of Macedon settled Macedonian trading towns along routes as far north as the Danube during the 330s BC. Shortly after 300 BC, the Celts seem to have displaced the Scythians from the Balkans, while in south Russia a kindred tribe, the Sarmatians, gradually overwhelmed them, probably making an amalgam with some of the tribes of eastern Central Asia such as the Tochari, the greater part of the Scythians, beginning at the Caspian Sea, are called Dahae.
The Sarmatians, the Alans, and finally the Ossetes counted as Scythians in the broadest sense of the word — as speakers of Northeast Iranian languages — but nevertheless remain distinct from the Scythians proper. Sarmatia or Iberia-Albania (Colchis) would have been surrounded by Sarmatia Europea, Scythia, the Euxine, and the Caspian Sea; flourished before the arrival of the Huns. Originating from an obscure Balkan tribe as many Latin words became satem equivalents of centum Greek or isoglosses with Indo-European root, if the ancients took the old ones in Proto-Greek. There are suggestions that Sarmatian came from the Turkic or Finno-Ugrian groups, such as some early form of Hungarian, but Indo-European tribes such as the Celts and the Belgae were not seen classically as the Scythians and Thracians.
| In Strabo the Sarmatians extend from above the Danube eastward to the Volga, and from north of the Dnepr into the Caucasus, where the Alans, possibly Deylamites, lived among the Celtic Boii, Scordisci, Taurisci before the Huns and during the Kelto-Skythai in Slavic ethnogenesis or the Baltic region familiar to Geography of Ptolemy. The Ossetes, the only Iranian people presently resident in Europe, call their country Ironiston or Iron, though North Ossetia now officially has the designation Alania. They speak an North-Eastern Iranian language, Ossetic, whose more widely-spoken dialect, Iron or Ironig (i.e. Iranian), preserves some similarities with the Gathic Avestan language, another Iranian language of the Eastern branch. |  |
The Sarmatians flourished in a timespan beginning before the earliest historical sources of Europe such as the age of texts of the Avesta. There is a Gathas partially in Older and Younger Avestan. oldest portions may be older than the Gathas, later adapted to more closely follow the doctrine of Zoroaster. The Visperad contains the youngest portion of the Avesta, which are in middle Persian and date to Sassanid times (226-651 CE). The texts are preserved in two languages: the more ancient in the Avestan language, the oldest attested Indo-Iranian language still very closely related to Sanskrit and the younger texts in Middle Persian derived from the Aramaic alphabet with Pahlavi script of the Sassanids.