Old Europe & The New Stone Age
The new age of settlement of the Neolotihic Age took place around 4500 BC. Though isolated farmhouses seem to be the norm, the remarkable findings at Skara Brae and Rinyo in the Orkneys give evidence of settled, village life. In both sites, local stone was used extensively to make interior walls, beds, boxes, cupboards and hearths. Neolithic cultures of Old Europe are also attested in southeastern Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia by ca. 8000 B.C. in the Eastern Hemisphere or Africa-Eurasia.
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Humans first inhabited Ireland in around 7500 BC, and were later responsible for major Neolithic sites such as Newgrange. Settlements at Sand, Applecross on the coast of Wester Ross, Scotland are constructed. Settlements of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers have been found at about half a dozen sites scattered throughout the country: Mount Sandel in County Derry; Woodpark in County Sligo; the Shannon estuary; Lough Boora in County Offaly; the Curran in County Antrim; and a number of locations in Munster, South Ireland. It is thought that these settlers first colonised the northeast of the country from Scotland. Settlements at Ærø, Denmark, Øvre Eiker and Nedre Eiker in present-day Buskerud, Norway, Sagalassos, Nevali Cori in present-day southwest Turkey, Deepcar near present-day Sheffield, England, Çatalhöyük, a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, is founded. The Cattle Period begins in the Sahara. 7000 B.C. Vinca culture - Southeast Europe (Serbia, Belgrade). From 7500 BC, the Chalcolithic period (Copper Age) rise of agriculture, the North Sea bottoms are largely dry land before this period. According to Korean legend, an alliance of northern Altaic tribes under a "Huan" (Hun) ruler predates the establishment of China in 7193 BC, almost forty years after the supposed date of the fall of the Atlantis. By 6000 B.C. predynastic Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings. |
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Glaciers form the rock formation in present-day New Hampshire commonly known as the Old Man of the Mountain. Since the 10th millenium BC, Southwest Asia or Middle East cultures spread east and westwards. Near the end of the last ice age, 15,000 to 9,000 years ago, a large scale extinction of large mammals occurred in Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. Food sources of the hunter-gatherer humans of the Stone Age included both animals and plants that were part of the natural environment in which these humans lived. Between 12,000 B.C. and 5,000 B.C. it appears that massive inland flooding due to catastrophic glacier melt was taking place in several regions of the world, making for subsequent sea level rises which could be relatively abrupt for many worldwide. The Ice Age and the Upper Paleolithic period ended 8000 BC. |
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From the 9th millennium Plano cultures inhabit the Great Plains area of North America. The North American Arctic is inhabited by hunter-gatherers of the Paleo-Arctic Tradition. The first Neolithic cultures started around 8000 B.C. in the fertile crescent with independent development in Central America. Animal husbandry (pastoralism) spreads to Old Europe (Africa and Eurasia). In southeast Europe cultivational societies first appear by ca. 7000 BC, and in Central Europe, the Vinca culture by ca. 5500 B.C. around the course of Danube in Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, and the Republic of Macedonia, and around the Balkans. The Old European Script is also known as the Vinca alphabet.
Following the European Megalithic Culture, during the Neolithic 4th millenium BCE: New Stone Age people in Ireland build the 250,000 ton Newgrange solar observatory c. 3200 BC; a Neolithic settlement built at Skara Brae in the Orkney Islands, Scotland; The Sumerian city of Ur in Mesopotamia (40th century BC); Sumerian hegemony in Mesopotamia, with the development of writing around the same time as the Indus Valley Civilization, base-60 mathematics, astronomy and astrology, civil law, complex hydrology, the sailboat, the wheel, and the potter's wheel, 4000–2000 BC. The Chalcolithic period began about 4500 BC, then the Bronze Age began about 3500 BC, replacing the Neolithic cultures.
Kurgan cultures: Sredny Stog culture and Maykop culture, likely candidates for the Proto-Indo-Europeans, the latter also a candidate for the origin of the Bronze Age; Jewish chronology dates Creation to September 25 or March 29, 3760 BC, the Maya calendar dates the Creation of the Earth to August 11 or August 13, 3114 BC.. Crete and the rise of Minoan civilization; Menes unifies Upper and Lower Egypt, and a new capital is erected at Memphis in 3000 BC; the discovery of silver. Capsian culture began influencing the Ibero-Maurusian, and after about 3000 B.C.
Early Neolithic farming is limited to a narrow range of crops in Mesoamerica a similar set of events occurred at about 4500 BC- advanced cultures of the Americas, including the Olmec, Teotihuacan, the Maya, and the Aztec. The Neolithic (New Stone Age) was characterized by the adoption of agriculture.
The climate of South Asia is called the Monsoon climate. It is quite opposite of the Mediterranean climate. Crete straddles two climatic zones, the Mediterranean and the North African, mainly falling within the former. As such, the climate in Crete is primarily temperate. Agriculture spread to the Mediterranean, the Indus valley, China, and Southeast Asia; a period of history that encompasses the first widespread use of technology in human evolution and the spread of humanity from the savannas of East Africa to the rest of the world. They consumed little dairy food or carbohydrate-rich plant foods like legumes or cereal grains-energy was derived from animal foods. The earliest possible rise of the Punjab culture in 7000 B.C. and the natives of the rest of the Indian subcontinent North India- peninsula of the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea and countries rising above the oceanic crust—Maldives. Factors in the Indus valley civilization's decline possibly included a change in weather patterns and unsustainable urbanization. Forming Carita on its northeastern frontier, even now the Indian Plate continues to move northward with the result that the Himalayas are growing taller by a few centimetres each decade. On its western frontier, the Indian Plate forms a conservative boundary with the Eurasian Plate.