The Akkadian Empire
The Akkadian Empire usually refers to the Semitic speaking state and names had already established themselves at Kish, that grew up around the city of Akkad north of Sumer, and reached its greatest extent under Sargon of Akkad. The first name on the Sumerian king list whose existence has been authenticated through recent archaeological discoveries, is that of Enmebaragesi of Kish, whose name is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epics. The list peculiarly blends from ante-diluvian, probably mythological kings with exceptionally long reigns, into more plausibly historical dynasties. Absent from this list are the priest-rulers of Lagash, who are known directly from inscriptions from ca. the 25th century BC. Another early ruler in the list who is clearly historical is Lugal-Zage-Si of Uruk of the 23rd century BC, who conquered Lagash, and who was in turn conquered by Sargon of Akkad.
Sumerian civilization was among the oldest urban civilizations on the planet. The very first mention of the Kurds in history was about 3000 BC, under the name Gutium, as they fought the Summerians (Spieser). Kurds are one of the ancient peoples in Middle East who has a long history in the region. Later around 800 BC, the Indo-European Median tribes settled in the Zagros mountain region and coalesced with the Gutiums, and thus the modern Kurds speak la language related to Aryan languages. The Guti were a people of ancient Mesopotamia who lived primarily in the central Zagros Range, probably part of Hurrians. They were a strong political force throughout the 3rd and 2nd millennia.
The Sumerian king list is an ancient text in the Sumerian language listing kings of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties. The later Babylonian king list and Assyrian king list were similar. There are also slight similarities between the antediluvian portion of the list and the two sets of Genealogies of Adam in the Torah. Ante-diluvian kings, legendary, or earlier than ca. the 26th century BC. The term 'Old Babylonian' is a period in Mesopotamian history that refers, roughly, to the period between the end of the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2000 BCE) through the end of the first dynasty of Babylon (c. 1600). A relatively well known king from that period is Gudea, king of Lagash. It is still unknown at this time if the wars with the Armeni people of Ararat contributed to the collapse of the Akkadian kingdom.
The Chronology of the Ancient Orient ascertains dates to various events, rulers and dynasties of the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC; the most recent being Canon of Kings from Ptolemy as kings of Babylon and the Persian Empire, from Nabonassar down to Alexander the Great.
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In the mid-4th throughout the 3rd millenniums BC, various city-states gained increased power at various times. Eridu, Uruk, Ur, Lagash, and Girsu were all important urban centers. Especially in the 4th millennium, Uruk was one of the most important centers in the region. Uruk got along under its 4th Dynasty and Ur under its 2nd Dynasty. The most remarkable ruler of the Gutian period was the governor of Lagash, Gudea. Under him about 2150 BC, Lagash had a golden age.
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The fall of the Akkad empire established by Sargon seems to have been as sudden as its rise, and little is known about the Gutian period. From the fall of Akkad until around 2100 B.C. and the Ninth Dynasty wars in Egypt; Magh Ithe, first recorded battle in Ireland myths (2071 BC). The beginning of the mythological Patriarchal Age is traditionally set in the yeare 2091 BC. Twenty years later Magh Ithe is the first recorded prehistoric battle in Ireland in the Annals of the Four Masters. Cíocal Grigenchosach, son of Goll, son of Garbh, of the Fomorians, and his mother, came into Ireland, eight hundred in number, so that a battle was fought between them and Partholón's people at Sleamhnai Maighe Ithe, where the Fomorians were defeated by Partholón, so that they were all slain. Magh Ithe, the "Plain of Ith", was said to have been named after Ith, the uncle of Míl Espáine, who was killed by the Tuatha Dé Danann. It was located between Lough Foyle, Lough Swilly and the River Finn in Counties Donegal and Londonderry. |
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The traditional etymology for the ethnology is from Armenak or Aram, the great-grandson of Haik's great-grandson, and another leader who is, according to Armenian tradition, the ancestor of all Armenians- the Armens who were of Proto-Indo-European descent; Assyrians (direct descendents of Akkadians).
In the epic, Haik is a chieftain of the Armens, an Armenian tribe, and leads them against the invading forces of Bel of Babylon. On August 11, 2492 BC, in a battle at Hayoc Dzor near Lake Van, Haik kills Bel, and calls on his kinsmen to unite into a single nation. He establishes the castle of Haykaberd at the battle site and the town of Haikashen in the Armenian province of Taron (modern-day Turkey). Haik was also the founder of the Haykazuni dynasty. Some other Armenian princely houses - Khorkhoruni, Bznuni, Syuni, Vahevuni, Manavazian, Arran etc. - trace their genealogy back to Haik. Hayq or Haik is a town 28 kilometers north of Dessie in Ethiopia. This town was formerly the capital of Amba Sel district in Wollo. Near the town is the church of Hayq Tekle Haymanot, founded according to tradition in 862 by Saint Kalae Salama in the reign of king Dil Na'od. East of Hayq lies Lake Hayq, the home of Istafanos monastery and an important landmark in Ethiopian Church history.
The African pluvial periods are associated with a "wet Sahara" phase, in which large lakes and many rivers are found. Flora and fauna previously widespread retreats northwards to the Atlas Mountains, southwards into West Africa, or eastwards into the Nile Valley and thence either south east to the Ethiopian Highlands and Kenya or northwestwards acros the Sinai into Asia. 2100 B.C. and 2000 B.C. is sometimes called the 3rd dynasty of Ur or "Sumerian Renaissance", founded by Ur-Nammu (originally a general). Farmers and herders travel south from Ethiopia and settled in Kenya.