It is Classical antiquity a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, which begins roughly with the earliest-recorded Greek poetry of Homer (7th century BCE), and continues through the rise of Christianity and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (5th century CE), ending in the dissolution of classical culture with the close of Late Antiquity.
The first written record of Britain and its inhabitants was by the Greek navigator Pytheas, who explored the coastal region of Britain around 325 BC. People of the bronze age period were also largely responsible for building many famous prehistoric sites such as the later phases of Stonehenge along with Seahenge. Britain had large reserves of tin in the areas of Cornwall and Devon in what is now southwest England, and thus tin mining began. By around 1,600 BC, the southwest of Britain was experiencing a trade boom, as British tin was exported across Europe. The Sea Peoples harried the entire Mediterranean basin around this time when the Beaker people migrated to Britain en masse from the continent. A relatively large scale disruption of cultural patterns, migrations into southern Great Britain circa the 12th century BC. In the Iron Age, around 750 BC ironworking techniques reached Britain from southern Europe, revolutionizing aspects of life, the importance of Agriculture, Iron tipped ploughs, ironworking such as the axe to clear forest and land.
The last centuries before the Roman invasion saw an influx of refugees from Gaul (modern day France and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded. From around 175 BC they settled in the areas of the Weald: Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex and brought with them pottery making skills and settlements called towns. As the Roman Empire expanded northwards, Rome began to take interest in Britain. The Iron Age Britons lived in organised tribal groups, ruled by a chieftain. [Gaul tribes, Celtic tribes, Teutonic/ Gothic tribes, Illyrian tribes]
Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula and to two provinces created there in the period of the Roman Republic: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Celtiberian Europe. It is bordered on the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Gaelic to the west. The Pyrénées form the northeast edge of the peninsula, connecting it to the rest of Europe. The Pyrénées range of mountains through Gascony separates the Iberian Peninsula from France extending from the Bay of Biscay on the Atlantic Ocean to Cap de Creus on the Mediterranean Sea. Physically, the Pyrénées are typically divided into three sections: the Central, the Atlantic or Western, and the Eastern. The Pyrénées are older than the Alps. The word "Rhône" comes from Latin Rhodanus, which itself comes from ancient Greek (Rhodanos), which is the Greek rendering of the Gaulish (Celtic) name of the river, as heard by the Greeks living in the colony of Massalia (Marseille). The Celtic name of the river, something like Rodo or Roto, literally "that which rolls." It was also the name of the lower Seine River, as well as several other rivers of western Europe. It rises as the effluent of the Rhône Glacier in Valais, Switzerland, in the Saint-Gotthard massif. Up to Martigny, the Rhône is a torrent, and then becomes a great mountain river running southwest through a glacier valley. Then, it turns northwest to exit the Alps and flows west through Lake Geneva (French Lac Leman) before entering France. It is joined by the river Saône at Lyon, before going south. At Arles, the Rhône divides itself in two arms, forming the Camargue delta, with all branches flowing into the Mediterranean Sea.
The 12 Caesars Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (Dictator 45-44BC) Augustus - Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus (31BC-AD14) Tiberius - Tiberius Caesar Augustus (14-37) Gaius/Caligula - Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (37-41) Claudius - Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (41-54) Nero - Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (54-68) Galba - Servius Galba Imperator Caesar Augustus (68-69) Otho - Imperator Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus (69) Vitellius - Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Imperator Augustus (69) Vespasian - Imperator Vespasian Caesar Augustus (69-79) Titus - Imperator Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus (79-81) Domitian - Imperator Caesar Domitianus Augustus (81-96)
The Cenimagni, who surrendered to Julius Caesar during his second expedition to Britain in 54 BC, may have been a branch of the Iceni- a Brythonic tribe who inhabited an area of Britain corresponding roughly to the modern-day county of Norfolk between the 1st century B.C. and 1st century AD. The site of the battle may have been Stonea Camp in Cambridgeshire. Julius Caesar's conquest proved to be the end of generalized and organized resistance to the Roman invasion of Cisalpine Gaul.
The Cantabrian Wars (29 BC-19 BC) occurred during the Roman conquest of the ancient province of Cantabria. They were the final completion of the conquest of Hispania. The first appearances of the Cantabri on the historical scene were in the context of earlier wars in Iberia, where they served as mercenaries on various sides. In this way, in the years preceding the wars in Cantabria and Astures, the Roman military became familiar with the warlike characteristics of the peoples of northern Hispania and in the army of Hannibal during the Second Punic War.
The Cantabri were able at the time to ride horses, as reflected in the fact that some of their cavalry tactics would be used by the Roman army. In 25 BC, Augustus gave to the Astures Brigantum, the camp of Augustan Asturica. However, the Astures later joined with the Cantabri for the common defense. The emperor Augustus, a yeare after his arrival, had to retire to Tarragona, presumably because of sickness. The conflict, however, lasted more than 10 years while the Roman Empire conquered all of Gallaecia in less than seven years and it was, besides the campaign against the Illyrians from 35 B.C. to 33 BC, the only directed personally by Augutus against barbarian groups.
The next identifiable king of the Trinovantes, known from numismatic evidence, was Addedomarus, who took power ca. 20-15 BC, and moved the tribe's capital to Camulodunum. Their name, the Trinovantes survived in British legend as Trinovantum, connecting this with the legend that Britain was founded by a Roman consul Brutus of Troy and other refugees from the Trojan War who conquered Spain and Britain.
