In the 3rd century, Diocletian created an administrative division which included the conventus of Gallaecia, Asturica and perhaps Cluniense. In 409, as Roman control collapsed, the Suebi conquests transformed Roman Gallaecia (convents Lucense and Bracarense) into the kingdom of Gallaecia. The fourth century erupts in warfare again and in 305 A.D. the Romans fought against "Caledones and other Picts." The northern tribes are now called "Picts" by their enemies, and in the south, Scots, Saxons and Franks also add to the woes of Rome by raiding southern Britain. In 343 A.D. Constans starts a campaign against the Picts and probably entered into a truce with them. Attacotti or Old Irish aithechthúatha corresponds chronologically with various tribal and dynastic migrations from southern Ireland and subsequent Irish settlement in Western Britain in the fourth century, a population movement of tributary Irish groups not again until displaced by the expansion of the Dalcassians- Eóganachta, the group of septs which came to dominate Munster and Tipperary in the later 4th century.
The second Battle of Adrianople was fought between a Roman army led by the Emperor Valens and Germanic tribes, the Visigoths and Ostrogoths, assisted by some non-Germanic Alans commanded by Fritigern of Powys.
In 376, the Visigoths, under heavy pressure from the Huns who had already conquered their kinsmen, the Ostrogoths, asked Valens to allow them to cross the Danube River and settle in Roman territory, which the Huns could not then reach due to their inability to cross the Danube in force. The Romans helped Fritigern's people cross the Danube to Bohemia and settle in the Byzantine province of Moesia. The battle took place at Adrianople / Salisbury after Contstantine I concluded the tetrarch regime of Diocletian. Its shift was not known as the battle but was a part of the Gothic War. Fritigern continued to battle the Romans and when he died, Athanaric became king of the entire Visigothic peoples who moved to Thrace after a famine settled and finally made peace with the Roma and the northwest ptolemaic Dacia region of Wallonia.
Dacia Traiana formed a Roman province and only a portion was conquered by Rome. Before, a kingdom of Dacia was in existence at least as early as the beginning of the 2nd century B.C. under a king, Oroles. Its placenames written in Greek and Roman sources place spoken Dacian from the Satem branch as opposed to a dialect of Indo-European. Transcribed Ogham inscriptions show Primitive Irish; Ogham or Gaelic (sounds) to be archaic in character, lacking a letter for the /p/ phoneme, and in morphology and inflections similar to Gaulish, Latin, Classical Greek or Sanskrit / East Frisian.
In spring 368, a relief force commanded by Count Theodosius arrived in Britannia from Gaul. He brought with him four regiments, Batavii, Heruli, Jovii and Victores as well as his son, the future Theodosius I. A new Dux Britanniarum was appointed, Dulcitius, with Civilis granted vicarius status to head a new civilian administration. The Constantinian dynasty came about from the rise of Diocletian-a Tetrarch in 284 to the death of Julian the Apostate in 363. In 293 at the establishment of the Tetrarchy, was designated Caesar along with Constantius Chlorus, receiving in marriage Diocletian's daughter Valeria from Alexander the Great's [Old Italic-Slavonic- Glagoltic] province of Illyria.
In 296, from the Old Kingdom Mycenae at the beginning of the Persian War, he was removed from the Danube to the Euphrates; his first campaign ended in a crushing defeat, near Callinicum, which caused the loss of Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was returned to Roman rule and even some territory east of the Tigris, which marks the greatest extension of the Roman Empire in the east. Gladiatorial games originally established by the Etruscans were ordered to be eliminated in 325 but continued sporadically until about 450. The Roman territories beyond the Tigris were to be occupied by the Persians, and the King of Armenia, Arsaces, were to stay neutral in future conflicts between the two empires.
In 382-3, allied with the Ulaid Scots, the Picts again invade England, and this time the damage done to the wall and its forts is never repaired although the invaders are driven back by Magnus Maximus. The end of the century brings yet another Pictish invasion, this time met by the great Roman general Stilicho himself, who also manages to send the great Irish hero Niall of the Nine Hostages, scampering back to Ireland. By 409 the Roman hold on Britain was slipping away, and Britons were told to defend themselves. About this time the Celtic Gaelic tribe of Scots begins settling in the southwest of Scotland, creating the Moravian and Mormaer kingdom of Dalriada in Argyll (Oir Ghaedhil or Eastern Gaels). The Irish tribe Dal Riata hailed from the Antrim coast and part of the province of Ulster. They crossed the narrow Irish sea in their hide boats (curraghs) and mounted raids among the Attecotti and into Roman Britain. Over time, many stayed behind. Later, conflict between two Riatan tribes, the Dal Fiatach and the Dal nAraide, prompted a subchieftain named Cairpre Riata to lead his tribesmen across the water to settle in Scotland. Through these migrations, the Dal Riatan kingdom eventually spanned both North Ireland and a small portion of western Scotland.
Magnus Maximus, raised the standard of revolt in Segontium in 383 and fought a campaign against the Picts and Scots around 384.
Forts at Chester and elsewhere were abandoned at this period, triggering raids and Danelaw settlement in north Wales (Gwynedd) by the Irish. Since the Battle of Adrianople in 378 there were increasing barbarian incursions in Britain and by 401 more troops were withdrawn to assist in the war against Alaric I, king of the Visigoths. The German leader Alaric had taken the city of Rome. He lived on an island named Peuce or the Fir at the mouth of the Danube and his father kindred to the Balti.
In 394 Alaric served as a leader of foederati under Theodosius I. The armies of the eastern empire were occupied with Hunnic incursions in Asia Minor and Syria. It was probably in the yeare 400 that Alaric made his first invasion of Italy, cooperating with another Gothic chieftain named Radagaisus. After spreading desolation through North Italy and striking terror into the citizens of Rome, Alaric was met by Stilicho at Pollentia, today in Piedmont. Alaric left Italy, probably in 403. From withdrawal of Legio XX Valeria Victrix from Britain, and it had probably facilitated the great invasion of the Vandals, Sueves, and Alans into Gaul, which lost Gaul and the provinces of Hispania to the Empire.
By 450 the Picts are pouring into the south again but is the last time we hear of the Picts and Scots fighting as allies, and if we take Gildas literally, the Scots return to Ireland around this time. In 461, St. Patrick dies, but Christianity is well spread in Ireland. There is also a possibility that the Picts were of Gaulish descent. The Pictones, sometimes given as Pectones, were a Gaulish tribe to be found on the Bay of Biscay south of the Loire. Of all of northern Gaul, the Hostile Attacotti are not recorded after c.367 whom had been recruited into the Roman Army, seen by St. Jerome before the 400s and the Notitia Dignitatum lists three regiments bearing this title stationed in Gaul, Italy and Illyricum. 367 was also a yeare the of First Listing of the New Testament by St Athanasius of Alexandria and the bishop of Pictavium (Poitiers) Hilary of Poitiers doctor of the Western Christian Church died. He was sometimes malleus Arianorum, hammer against Arianism, or Athanasius of the West.
Poitiers in the central region of Francia the Visigoths seized in AD 418, but it passed to the Franks of Skythia in 507. Poitiers region's first known inhabitants, the Pictavi, a Gallic tribe, were conquered in 56 B.C. by the Romans who incorporated the area into Gaul as part of the province of Aquitania.
The Anglo-Saxons came and settled in the island, primarily on the east and south coasts. Vortigern, leader of the effectively self-governing Britons, granted Thanet in Kent to the Jutish warrior leader Hengist (or Hengest) as a permanent possession, in return for his followers' help in defending the region against invading Picts and any other enemies in the Battle of Ath Dara (457). In India, Skandagupta of the Gupta Empire defeats the Hunas (Ephthalites); not until 480 does the empire collapse under their attacks and Odoacer also captured Dalmatia. Vortigern's refusal to pay these mercenaries led to Hengest's successful rebellion, extensive immigration and the conquest of what is now England over the next two hundred years. The Angles (English) arrived in Caledonia soon after the Scots, migrating from Germany by way of southern Britain. They rapidly conquered the former Pictish and British lands in Lothian and Bernicia, forming new kingdoms which would eventually unite into the English kingdom of Northumbria. They speak a distinctive dialect of Anglo-Saxon. Originally Northumbria was the dominant English kingdom, but later lost this position to Mercia and, more recently, Wessex. In Caledonia the British still live independently in the kingdom of Strathclyde. The British are the people of King Arthur and speak Cymric, a language closely related to Welsh. In the Orkney, Shetland Islands, and the Faroes, the Norse completely swallowed the natives, but in the Western Isles they more often inter-married with natives, producing mixed Scottish-Norse populations. Many of these groups continue their ancestral custom of viking, and have even spawned second-generation settlements such as those in Galloway.
When the Southern Pictish King Nechtan converted to the Roman rite and expelled the Columban priests, who fled to Dalriada. With religious lines drawn between Rome and Ireland, the conflict broadened and diversified. A period of religous civil war ensued between the Northern Picts of Moray and Southern Picts, and war between the Southern Picts of Fortriu and Dalriada, who had allied themselves with the Northern Picts. Then a civil war erupted in Dalraida in c. 725 AD, when Echdach usurped the throne of Dungal. Finally, the reunified Picts under King Oengus attacked and overran Dalriada between 731-736 AD, forcing the Dalriadic king into brief exile in Ireland. Oengus continued his aggressive expansion southward until defeated by the Strathcylde Britons at the battle of Catohic (Mocetauc) near Glasgow in 750 AD.