The Dorian invasion of Greece led to the Greek Dark Ages. Very Little is known about the period of the 12th to 9th centuries BC, but there were significant population movements throughout Anatolia and the Iranian plateau. Iranian peoples invaded the territory of modern Iran in this period, taking over the Elamite Empire. The Urartians were displaced by the Armenians, and the Cimmerians and the Mushki migrated from the Caucasus into Anatolia. A Thraco-Cimmerian connection links these movements to the Proto-Celtic world of central Europe, leading to the introduction of Iron to Europe and the Celtic expansion to western Europe and the British Isles around 500 BC. By 4,000 BC First known inhabitants of Bulgaria were Thracians who lived in the area of Varna on the Black Sea. Philip II ruled the Kingdom of Macedonia (359-336BC).

The Indo-European invasion began around 2000 BC, by conquering the local agricultural cultures, using the advantage of better weapons and the use of horses. The first Greek tribe to arrive in Greece were probably the Achaeans on the Greek side of the Trojan War (Danaans and Argives), around 1800 BC, meeting a presumably non-Indo-European people whom they called Pelasgians-on the Trojan side of the Trojan War. Danaans is the name attributed to the tribe first dominating the Peloponnese and the area near Argos to the Druids, Firbolgs, and High Kings of Ireland. Achaeans is the name of the tribe that, reinforced by the Hellenic Aeolians of Thessaly, first dominated Greek territories, centering itself around its capital in Mycenae. Myceneans also arrive in about 1600 BC and they were one of the earliest Indo-European civilizations in the Balkans and Loch a'Dúin Valley on the Dingle Peninsula, only to decline with the arrival of the Dorian Greeks around 1100 B.C. with Ogham; the Greek Dark Ages.

The Welsh Triads recall Aedd Mawr as one of the founders of Britain. The Trinovantes reappeared in history when they participated in Boudica's revolt against the Roman Empire in 60 AD. Their name was given to one of the civitates of Roman Britain, whose chief town was Caesaromagus (modern Chelmsford, Essex). Their name survived in British legend as Trinovantum, connecting this with the legend that Britain was founded by a Roman consul Brutus of Troy and other refugees from the Trojan War who conquered Spain and Britain. After wandering among the island of the Tyrrhenian Sea and through Gaul, where Brutus founded the city of Tours. After his death the island is divided bewteen his three sons, Locrinus (England), Albanactus (Scotland) and Kamber (Wales). The next identifiable king of the Trinovantes, known from numismatic evidence, was Addedomarus, who took power ca. 20-15 BC, and moved the tribe's capital to Camulodunum.

The Aeolians of Thessaly moved their location when the Dorians were attacking the Mycenaeans and then abandoned most of the Mycenaean territories. The Aeolians took over some of the abandoned territory and built the cities of Delphi and a few cities on islands near Asia Minor as well as helping the Ionians build Athens. They began building these cities well after the Mycenaeans were defeated, and gave rise to the Aeolian dialect of the Greek language. Aeolic Greek is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub-dialects, spoken mainly in Central Greece and Asia Minor and in other colonies, traditional Greek placenames. The original Indo-European (and Proto-Greek) labiovelar, "kw", turned into "p" everywhere, a trait which finds its exact counterpart in the so-called P-Celtic languages (Welsh, Breton, Cornish, Ancient Gaulish etc.) and in some Italic languages, for example Oscan (an extinct language of Italy). This trait may point to an especially close relationship between the Greek (Hellenic), Celtic and Italic branches of the Indo-European language family.

The classical Greek culture developed in the southern Balkan peninsula starting with the century and peaked with 5th century B.C. Athens democracy. On theory, the origin of Illyrian tribes associates them with Hallstatt culture that is an Iron Age people coming into the Western Balkans after 2000 BC. Around 1500 BC Thracians settle in the Balkans. The Thracians were inhabitants of Thrace and adjacent lands (present-day Romania, Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, European Turkey, eastern Serbia and Macedonia). They spoke the (Celtic) Thracian language, one of the Indo-European languages. The Phrygians seem to have settled in the southern Balkans at first, centuries later continuing their migration to settle in Asia Minor.

The ancient Olympiad held every four years, and the period between two celebrations became known as an 'Olympiad'. The Greeks used Olympiads as one of their methods to count years. The Games gradually declined in importance as the Romans gained power in Greece. When Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, the Olympic Games were seen as a pagan festival and in discord with Christian ethics, and in 393 CE the emperor Theodosius outlawed the Olympics, ending a thousand-year tradition. The date of the Games' inception based on the count of years in Olympiads is reconstructed as 776 BC, although opinions diverge between dates as early as 884 B.C. and as late as 704 BC. The Olympics were of fundamental religious importance, contests alternating with sacrifices and ceremonies honouring both Zeus (whose colossal statue stood at Olympia), and Pelops, divine hero and mythical king of Olympia famous for his legendary chariot race, in whose honour the games were held.

The Greeks were the first to establish a system of trade routes in the Balkans, and in order to facilitate trade with the natives, between 700 B.C. and 300 B.C. they founded several colonies on the Black Sea coast. The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Asia Minor that is part of the Atlantic Ocean. It is connected to the Mediterranean Sea by the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara, and to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch. The Black Sea forms in an enclosed basin, located between south-eastern Europe and Asia Minor. The basin was formed during the Miocene orogenies which uplifted the mountain ranges and divided the ancient Tethys Ocean into several brackish basins, including the Sarmatic Sea. The Caspian Sea is a landlocked endorheic sea of Eurasia between Asia and Europe. It, Azov, Aral and Black Sea are the remnants of this evaporated basin. Tethys would have lived a synchronistic nexus between continuum life and the supercontinent for a period of pangenesis but the Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic era, also known as the Age of Dinosaurs.

The Alps are generally divided into Western Alps and Eastern Alps. The division is along the line between Lake Constance and Lake Como, following the Rhine. The Alps arose as a result of the pressure exerted on sediments of the Tethys Ocean basin as its Mesozoic and early Cenozoic strata were pushed against the stable Eurasian landmass by the northward-moving African landmass. The Mesozoic belt of the Bavarian and Austrian Alps consists mainly of the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous (Mesozoic) beds playing a comparatively subordinate part. But between the Trias of the Eastern Alps and the Triassic of the region beyond the Alpine folds there is a striking contrast. North of the Danube, in Germany as in England, red sandstones, shales and conglomerates predominate, together with beds of gypsum and salt. The Jurassic and Cretaceous beds also differ, though in a less degree, from those of northern Europe. They consist largely of limestone. The Trias of the Eastern Alps, on the other hand, consists chiefly of great masses of limestone with an abundant fauna, and is clearly of marine origin. The Eocene has altogether lost its independence as a band and occurs only in patches within the Mesozoic zone.

Today, India, Indonesia and the Indian Ocean cover the area once occupied by the Tethys Ocean. Turkey, Iraq, and Tibet sit on the land once known as Cimmeria. What was once the Tethys Sea has become the Black, Caspian and Aral Seas. Most of the floor of the Tethys Ocean disappeared under Cimmeria and Laurasia 200 million years ago, similarly, the Alpine orogeny of Europe, where the movement of the African plate raised the Alps. The Little Ice Age carries that natural phenomenon and the history of phenology stays at the Alpine glaciers from Iceland to Spain. Glaciological data are most indicative of long-term climate movement.

The Mediterranean and continent connect is the southernmost seawater from Iberia and the most important river entering the Black Sea is the Danube. Herodotus on one occasion uses Red Sea and "Southern Sea" interchangeably. Countries bordering on the Black Sea are Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia, and Georgia. The Black Sea forms in an enclosed basin, located between south-eastern Europe and Asia Minor.

The steppes to the north of the Black Sea have been suggested as the original homeland (Urheimat) of the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, (PIE) the progenitor of the Indo-European language family. The land at the eastern end of the Black Sea, Colchis (Georgia), marked for the Greeks an edge of the known world. The Balkan Mountains cross the country reaching to the edge of the Black Sea, dividing the coastline from south to north. Bulgaria's northern Black Sea Coast features rocky headlands where the sea abuts cliffs. The southern coast is known for its wide sandy beaches.

An eastern Hallstatt cultural zone including Croatia, Slovenia, western Hungary, Austria, Moravia, and Slovakia can be distinguished from a western cultural zone which includes northern Italy, Switzerland, eastern France, southern Germany, and Bohemia. Scythian (Sarmatian) language is the Proto-Slavonic one. Other Proto-Slavonic dialects are the languages of the Pelasges during the Mycenae (the writing of Linear A, and its decorative version on the Phaistos disk) and of the Etruscans. The symbols depicted from the ancient cultures of the Scythians, Sarmatians and Sindi (Meotians), and their descendants, Russians and Circassians. Celts traces of these date back to the final stages of the Hallstatt culture (c. 700-500 BC), which was based in the area around Upper Austria and Bavaria.

The names of the three sons in the version of the myth about the semi-serpent goddess are Agathyrsos, Gelonos and Skythes. The Circassian language is an Indo-European one. A calendar record may be inscribed on a mirror of Meotian-Sarmatian period (1st - 2nd c. A.D.) Saint John Chrysostomus informed in 4th c. A.D. that the Scythians translated the New Testament into the native language. Then Saint Cyril (Constantine) received the books of the New Testament and the Psalter written by the Russian letters (lit. rous'skymi pismeny) from a Christian at the Crimea in 9th c. A.D.

The structure of the Scythian society is registered in a Russian fairy-tale, Ivan Bykovich, as well. Three brothers were born from the golden fish (the Russian Dazh'bog, the Scythian Targitaos). Their names are Ivan-charevich (Ivan, the son of a tsar (king)), Ivan, kuharkin syn (Ivan, the son of a cook), and Ivan Bykovich (Ivan, the son of the bull). The brothers were driving to the river Smorodina (*S moro 'Near the sea/death'), i.e. Kuban. One can reconstruct the name of the Scythian god corresponding to the Greek god Ares. According to Herodotus (The History: Book IV), this god was incarnated in an iron sword akinakes placed on the top of a "temple" (a big heap of brushwood). the god Agin (Agni) = the Indo-Aryan god Agni 'Fire'. This name is preserved in the Circassian pagan god's name Ahin 'the protector of cattle'. A priest holding a knife is represented on a seal of the Aryan state Mitanni; here the sign of the god Agni is shown, too

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