The Ingaevones (also referred to as "North Sea Germans") were a West Germanic cultural group or proto-tribe along the North Sea coast. Their name comes from Tacitus's Germania (circa 98 CE), in which he categorized them as one of the three tribes descended from the three sons of Mannus, son of Tuisto. Middle Low German was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League. At its height, Middle Irish was spoken throughout Ireland and Scotland; from Munster to the North Sea island of Inchcolm.
In Scandinavia, it became obsolete in the Middle Ages. After the Christianization Sweden [1050-1397] is ruled by kings elected by the nobility - most of the time from two rival dynasties. Bishop Adam of Bremen writes the history of the bishopric of Hamburg (1076), describing the christianization of Sweden, which is one of our main sources to the early history of Scandinavia. Formerly kings were elected by each "landsting" (that was a combined court and law-giving meeting of the free men in a province). First in 1319 the peasantry would again be officially, participating in the election of kings. Earls (jarlar) were commanders of the fleet (leišungr) and deputy in Svealand when the king resided in Götaland. After the first crusade 1155 Uppland was rewarded with the archdiocese.
Northern German of trade in the Baltic Sea through the Hanseatic League was achieved with striking speed and completeness in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. After its capture by Henry the Lion in 1158, Lübeck became the main base for Westphalian and Saxon merchants expanding northward and eastward During the reign of Margrave Ottokar IV (1164-92) Styria was raised to a duchy by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, in 1180 after the fall of Henry the Lion of Bavaria. In the early 13th century the citizens of Chester obtained corn from the Irish lands of Walter de Lacy under arrangements of some antiquity. In 1157, during the minority of Earl Hugh II, Henry II received the homage of Malcolm IV the Maiden (Canmore), king of Scots, in Chester before invading north Wales. In 1165 Henry used Shrewsbury as his base but after the campaign visited Chester to meet the ships which he had ordered to harry Gwynedd. In 1211 King John also attacked the Welsh from Chester. One such Chester to Dublin gathering of leading Angevin supporters convened in Chester by Ranulph II in 1147-8, which included his nephew Earl Gilbert of Clare, Earl Roger of Hereford, Cadwaladr ap Gruffudd, younger brother of the ruler of Gwynedd, and William FitzAlan of Oswestry (Salop.). Another was in 1224, when the disgraced Fawkes de Breauté fled to Chester and Ranulph III wrote to Henry III in his defence.
The Cromarty Firth forms an arm of the the North Sea in Scotland German Ocean). which lies between Norway and Denmark in the east, UK in the west, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France in the south. From where it joins Moray Firth, Cromarty Firth extends inland in a westerly and then south-westerly direction for a distance of 19 miles. Dingwall, at the sheltered head of the Cromarty Firth and a place from which the west coast could be reached by way of easy overland routes along the river valleys, became a significant place of Viking administration and decision making, akin to Tynwald.
 | The Monros (Mac an Rothaich), derive their name from a place at the foot of the River Roe in Derry, and according to the Clan Donald tradition, they came into Scotland in the train of a daughter of the OCahan that became a MacDonald princess. They possessed the vast district of Foulis on the Cromarty Firth in Ross, and also lands in Strathoykell. Excepting at Nigg Bay, on the northern shore, and at Cromarty Bay, on the southern shore, where it is about 5 miles (8 kilometres) wide (due north and south), and at Alness Bay, where it is 2 miles wide, it has an average width of 1 mile, forming one of the safest and most commodious anchorages in the north of Scotland. Besides other streams it receives the Allt Graad, Coruon, Peffery, Sgitheach and Alness, and the principal places on its shores are Dingwall near the head, Cromarty near the mouth, Kiltearn, Invergordon and Kilmuir on the north. |
The Ross and Cromarty (Ros agus Cromba in Gaelic) district was smaller than the county. It did not include Lewis, which became part of the Western Isles Island Area. Nor did it include the Lochalsh area of the mainland, which became part of the Skye and Lochalsh district of the Highland Region. The Ross and Cromarty lieutenancy area includes the Lochalsh area and Skye and Raasay, but not the Isle of Lewis. Therefore the lieutenancy area combines the areas of two former districts, Ross and Cromarty and Skye and Lochalsh. On the North Sea (eastern side) of the area the major firths are the Beauly Firth and the (Inner) Moray Firth, which mark off the Black Isle from Inverness-shire, the Cromarty Firth, which bounds the districts of Easter Ross (the area to the north-east of Dingwall) and the Black Isle, the Moray Firth, separating Easter Ross from Nairnshire, and the Dornoch Firth, dividing north-east Ross from Sutherland.
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Cromary burgh in Ross and Cromarty, Highland, Scotland is a seaport on the southern shore of the mouth of Cromarty Firth, 5 miles from Invergordon on the opposite coast. The name Cromarty variously derives from the Gaelic crow (crooked), and from bati (bay), or from ard (height), meaning either the "crooked bay", or the "bend between the heights" (referring to the high rocks, or Sutors, which guard the entrance to the Firth), and gave the title to the earldom of Cromarty. Similar in size to Cyprus or Puerto Rico, Ross and Cromarty, Scotland, spans the country from the Atlantic on the west coast to the North Sea on the east. The River Colne rises in the Pennines in West Yorkshire.
The Colne Valley crosses the Pennines in West Yorkshire an unbroken range stretching from the Peak District in the Midlands. Geologically of Ely and Cambridgeshire, the fenlands are a silted-up bay of the North Sea that embraces the lower drainage basins of the rivers Witham, Welland, Nene and Great Ouse.
The Fens may also refer to the Back Bay Fens, a park in Boston, Massachusetts. In Massachusetts, the Mayflower (1620) and the Speedwell ships had been used in the merchant trade with the Scandinavian countries as well as Spain, France and possibly Italy for about twelve years. This ship had endured the waters of the North Sea, which is the most treacherous body of water in the world. The Mayflower Compact served as the official Constitution of the Plymouth Colony for many years when Jamestown was found for the Virginia Company.